1. Chapter 18: The Reformation
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What was the Reformation and how did it change Europe?

2. Section 1: The origins of the reformation
Focus Question:
How did the leaders of the Reformation challenge the Catholic Church?
Standards:
List the causes for the internal turmoil in and weakening of the Catholic church.
Describe the theological, political, and economic ideas of the major figures during the Reformation
Main Ideas:
Martin Luther’s protests against the corruption of the Catholic Church attracted followers throughout Europe.
John Calvin and other Reformation thinkers helped spread Protestant ideas throughout Europe.

3. Reform What do people do when they reform something?
They try to make a change that they think will improve it.
Why might Catholics of the late Renaissance era want to reform the Church?
Record answers to reference.

4. Before reading – True or False?
Martin Luther was a French philosopher who urged Church reform.
Luther objected to the Church’s sale of indulgences, or holy relics.
The 95 Theses were Luther’s challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church, which he saw as corrupt.
When Luther refused to take back his statements, the Holy Roman Emperor had him beheaded.
A generation after Luther, a Protestant named John Calvin taught the idea of predestination.
Protestants believed that the Bible should be translated into everyday language so that people could read it for themselves.

5. Vocabulary builder Respond (rih SPAHND):
V. to react to something that has been said or done
Rome responded to the Hun’s invasion by sending the Roman army into battle.
Synonyms: answer, reply, react,
Publication (puhb lih KAY shuhn):
N. book or other printed work
Sei Shonagon is famous for her publication The Pillow Book.
Synonyms: declaration, writing, statement

6. See it – remember it
3 Columns: term and page #, your own definition, illustration or sentence using the term.
Reformation (p. 504)
Martin Luther (p. 504)
Indulgence (p. 505)
John Calvin (p. 507)
Predestination (p. 508)
Theocracy (p. 508)
William Tyndale (p.509)

7. Luther Challenges the church
Read this section silently and be prepared to answer these questions:
What was the environment like where Luther grew up and received his education?
Why did Luther object to the state of the Catholic Church?
Why did Luther dislike the sale of indulgences?
Why did the pope excommunicate Luther?

8. The protestant movement grows
Predict: Was the Protestant movement successful?
Read this section with your neighbor and be prepared to answer these questions:
Why do you think that so many people joined the Protestant movement?
Where did Calvin establish a theocracy?
How did Calvin seek to control behavior?
Why was John Calvin one of the most important figures of the Reformation?

9. After reading – True or False?
Martin Luther was a French philosopher who urged Church reform.
Luther objected to the Church’s sale of indulgences, or holy relics.
The 95 Theses were Luther’s challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church, which he saw as corrupt.
When Luther refused to take back his statements, the Holy Roman Emperor had him beheaded.
A generation after Luther, a Protestant named John Calvin taught the idea of predestination.
Protestants believed that the Bible should be translated into everyday language so that people could read it for themselves.

10. Section 2: The Counter-Reformation
Focus Question:
How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?

11. See it – remember it Add to your See It – Remember It Chart
Counter-Reformation p. 512
Jesuits p. 512
Ignatius Loyola p. 512
Council of Trent p. 514

12. The society of jesus How are the Jesuits like an army?
They have a military organization and demand rigorous training of their members.
How might early saints (St. Clare and St. Francis) have reacted to the Jesuits?
Might have approved of faith, discipline, and helping others
What does the formation of the Jesuits suggest about the effect of Luther’s 95 Theses?
Some Catholics acknowledged that the Church needed change.
How did the Jesuits help restore popular support for the Catholic Church?
Helped the poor, taught Catholic doctrine, led spiritual lives

13. The council of trent Why did Catholic leaders meet in Trent?
To discuss how the Church should respond to the protests of people like Luther.
At the Council of Trent, what did the Church change and what did it keep the same?
Changed some practices of priests and bishops, kept basic religious teachings
What rights did a person have who was arrested by the inquisition?
None – no legal protection
What steps did the Church take to end abuses and to restore its moral authority?
Reformed some practices; established the Inquisition; banned Protestant books.

14. Section 3: The division of christendom
Focus Question:
How did religious conflict divide Europe?

15. Protestant northern europe
Who was mainly responsible for the founding of the Church of England?
King Henry VIII
Which war was ended by the Treaty of Augsburg?
A war between Catholics and Protestants in Germany
Why do you think Europeans went to war with one another over religious beliefs, instead of allowing freedom of religion?
Which areas of Europe became Protestant during the Reformation?
England, Scotland, and Northern Europe

16. Catholic southern europe
Who do you think was more to blame for the religious conflict in France, the Catholics or the Protestants? Why?
What happened in France on St. Bartholomew’s Day in 1572?
Thousand of Huguenots were killed
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
The treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War
Do you think a treaty could have ended religious conflict in Europe? Why or why not?
Which part of Europe remained Catholic?
France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Poland-Lithuania, part of Ireland, southern Germany

17. Section 4: The political impact of the reformation
Focus Question:
How did the Reformation affect the way nations were ruled?

18. Royal rulers increase their power
In what ways were secular rulers more powerful than rulers had been before the Reformation?
They now had full power to determine the religion of their nations. They did not have to obey the pope.
How did the religious wars alter Europe's’ power structure?
They strengthened the power of secular rulers and weakened the political power of the papacy.

19. New ways of governing Why might Louis XIV have been a popular king?
Why might he have been unpopular?
How did the monarchy in England contrast with monarchies in European nations such as France, Austria, and Sweden?
How did the Glorious Revolution prove the power of Parliament?
What about the English Bill of Rights seems familiar to Americans?

20. New ways of governing
Why do you think similarities exist between the English Bill of Rights and the American Bill of Rights?
What political idea did Althusius write about?
federalism
What might be the connection between religious freedom and the desire for political freedom?
What new forms of government grew out of the practices of Protestant churches?
A constitutional monarchy in England; a theocracy in Geneva; eventually, federalism in the United States