1. The Protestant Reformation
Chapter 13
Section 3

2. Corrupt Church Popes were living a rich and luxurious lifestyle
Popes were also hiring painters and sculptors to beautify churches
To finance these projects, the Church increased fees for marriages and baptisms

3. Need More $$$ The Church still needed more money
Decided to sell indulgences

4. Indulgences
Were believed to lessen the time a person’s soul would have to spend in purgatory
They used to only be granted for good deeds, such as fighting in the Crusades

5. Martin Luther
1517
Did not approve of the sale of indulgences

6. Not this Martin Luther
Just so there is no confusion….

7. Luther’s Protest Sold indulgences to anyone who
In 1517, Johann Tetzel set up a pulpit on the outskirts of Wittenburg
Sold indulgences to anyone who
Contributed money towards the
rebuilding of St. Peter’s Cathedral
in Rome

8. Tetzel’s Indulgences Tetzel made big claims about his indulgences
He claimed that the purchase of these indulgences would assume entry into heaven not only for the purchasers but for their dead relatives as well.
“Don’t you hear the voices of your dead parents and other relatives crying out?”

9. 95 Theses
Written by Luther
Posted it on Church door

10. 95 Theses
He argued that indulgences had no basis in the Bible, that the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory, and that Christians could be saved only through faith

11. Luther vs. The Church
Almost overnight, copies of the 95 Theses were printed and distributed across Europe
The Church wanted Luther to recant or give up his views

12. Luther Refuses
Luther would refuse and began urging Christians to reject the authority of Rome
Luther would be excommunicated by 1521

13. Diet of Worms Ordered to attend by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
Luther went expecting to defend his writings, but the emperor simply ordered him to give them up

14. Luther is Found Guilty
Luther was declared an outlaw, making it a crime for anyone in the empire to give him food or shelter
Luther had powerful supporters and hid out in castles
Remained in hiding for nearly a year and thousands saw him as a hero

15. Luther’s Teachings
Rejected the Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation
Upheld the Bible as the sole source of religious truth
Rejected the idea that priests and the Church hierarchy had special powers

16. Teachings Continued…
Rejected five of the seven sacraments because the Bible did not mention them
Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints
Simplified the ritual of mass and instead emphasized the sermon

17. A Few More… Permitted clergy to marry
These became the foundation of the Lutheran Church

18. Spread of Lutheran Ideas
Followers of Luther were called Protestants
Those who “protested” papal authority

19. Who Supported Him?
Many clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption
Others supported him on the basis of national loyalty, they were tired of German money going to support churches and clergy in Italy

20. Peace of Augsburg
Signed in 1555, allowed each prince to decide which religion, Catholic, or Lutheran, would be followed in his lands. Most northern German states chose Lutheranism, the south remained largely Catholic

21. Calvinism
In 1541, Protestants in Geneva asked Calvin to lead their community

22. Calvin Believed salvation was through faith alone
Preached predestination the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation
Calvinists believed the world was divided into two kinds of people, saints and sinners

23. Calvin’s Government
He set up a theocracy government run by church leaders
Saw themselves as the “chosen people”

24. Lifestyle
Citizens faced fines or other harsher punishments for offenses such as fighting, swearing, laughing in church, or dancing
Believed in religious education for both boys and girls
Women should read the Bible in private, allowed them to sing in church

25. Spread of Calvinism
Germany, France, Netherlands, England, and Scotland
Faced opposition from Catholics and Lutherans
Wars raged between French Calvinsits, called Hugenots, and Catholics

26. Field Preachers
To avoid persecution, “field preachers” gave sermons in the countryside, away from the eyes of town authorities
John Knox, a Calvinist preacher in Scotland led a religious rebellion
Scottish Protestants overthrew the Catholic queen and set up Scottish Presbyterian Church