1. Luther Starts the Reformation
Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church led to the founding of Protestant churches.

2. I. CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION
Secular and humanistic ideas challenged church authority
B. Germans resisted payment to the church in Rome
C. Problems in the Catholic Church
1. Corruption (especially Popes)
2. Illiterate priests
D. Early Calls for Reform
1. John Wycliffe and Jan Hus
2. People of Florence burned possessions

3. II. LUTHER CHALLENGES THE CHURCH
A. Martin Luther
Opposed Indulgences—
pardons for sins or
crimes committed which
were purchased

4. B. The 95 Theses
1. Oct. 31, 1517!!
2. Nailed the 95 Theses to a church and asked for open debate
3. Reformation—movement of religious reform

5. 4. 3 Main Ideas
a. People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of
forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and “good works” were
required for salvation.
b. All Church teachings should be
clearly based on the words of the
Bible. The pope and church
traditions were false authorities.
c. All people with faith were equal.
Therefore, people did not need
priests to interpret the Bible for
them.

6. III. THE RESPONSE TO LUTHER
A. The Pope’s Threat (What do you think he did?)
1. Leo excommunicated Luther
B. The Emperor’s Opposition
1. Holy Roman Emperor issued Edict of Worms
a. declared Luther a heretic
b. Luther translated the Bible into German while in hiding
c. Followers became “Lutherans”

7. IV. ENGLAND BECOMES PROTESTANT
A. Henry VIII Wants a Son
1. 42 year old wife Catherine of Aragon had not produced a male heir
2. Pope denied annulment of marriage

8. B. The Reformation Parliament
1. Henry VIII asked Parliament to end Pope’s power in England
2. He married Anne Boleyn
3. Act of Supremacy passed—
made King, not Pope,
the head of the Church
of England
C. Consequences of Henry’s Changes
1. Seized church land (20% of England)
2. Henry has 6 wives (3rd one gave him a son, Edward)
'A woman who is the scandal of Christendom.' -Katharine of Aragon describes her rival, 1531

9. The Reformation Continues
John Calvin and other Reformation leaders began new Protestant churches. The Catholic Church also made reforms.

10. I. CALVIN BEGINS ANOTHER PROTESTANT CHURCH
A. Calvin and His Teachings
1. Men and women are sinful by nature
2. God chooses few people to save
a. Predestination—God knew from the beginning of time who will be saved
i. (What effect would predestination have on people’s lives?)
b. Calvinism—religion based on Calvin’s teachings

11. B. Calvin Runs Geneva
1. Ideal government is a Theocracy—government controlled by religious leaders
2. Calvin runs Geneva
a. Strict rules
i. No bright colors
ii. No card playing
iii. Religious classes mandatory
b. Geneva “model city” to Protestants

12. II. OTHER REFORMERS A. The Anabaptists B. Women of the Reformation
1. Needed to be baptized again as an adult
2. Separation of church and state and refused to fight in wars
influenced Amish and
Quakers
B. Women of the Reformation
1. Women protected reformers
2. As Protestant religion grew, women’s roles were diminished

13. III. THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION
A. Many who remained loyal to Catholic Church reformed the church itself
B. Ignatius of Loyola
1. Established Jesuits
a. members of a religious order devoted to Jesus
b. 3 goals
i. Set up schools
ii. Convert non-Christians
iii. Stop Protestantism

14. C. Reforming Popes 1. 4 changes:
a. Investigated indulgences and other abuses or power
b. Approved of Jesuits
c. Inquisition
d. Called Council of Trent
i. Indulgences were valid expressions of faith
ii. Churches interpretation of Bible was final
iii. Needed faith and “good works” for salvation
iv. Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities in Christian life

15. D. Legacy of the Reformation
1. Protestant churches flourished
2. Europe no longer united by religion
3. Monarchs and states gained power left by church
4. Rejection of Christian belief and challenges to authority set precedent for modern world.