1. Overarching Question – How does Cultural Diffusion Impact Society?
The Reformation
Overarching Question – How does Cultural Diffusion Impact Society?
Modern World History

2. Before the Reformation
Europe
Before the Reformation
Prior to mid- 16th Century
What can you see? 12

3. Background of Reformation

4. Why is The Protestant Reformation important?
Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church led to the founding of Protestant Churches.
Nearly one-fourth of Christians in today’s world are Protestants.
The rise of Christian Humanism by Thomas More, Erasmus and others inspired by Renaissance ideals led to a new questioning of the Catholic Church
The Reformation – the Protestant break with the Catholic Church is another example of the impact of cultural diffusion on society and history

5. Essential Questions to Consider
1. What were the causes of the Reformation?
2. How and why did it spread?
3. What were the effects of the Reformation?
4. How is the Reformation an example of cultural diffusion?

6. Causes of The Reformation
1. Abuses of the Catholic Church
2. Renaissance Ideas
3. Political climate
4. Technological Innovations

7. 1 – Abuses of the Catholic Church Renaissance emphasis on secularism and humanism challenged Church authority
*Renaissance popes were considered corrupt (Pius II, Alexander VI)
Patronized art and themselves extravagently – fought wars
Building St. Peter’s basilica was expensive
Focused on Italian politics and fighting wars (Julius II)
Many priests and monks were illiterate
Illegitimate children were appointed priests, bishops, abbots & abbesses
Parishioners lost faith in sacraments administered by immoral clergy

8. 1 – Abuses of the Catholic Church
Church leaders need for money led to increasing corruption
Simony - selling church offices
Pluralism - one person holding multiple offices
Absenteeism - church officials ignored duties
Indulgences - selling “EZ passes to heaven”

9. Indulgences – EZ Pass to Salvation
A pardon for sins, given by the Catholic Church
Indulgences were sold
Who would benefit most from the selling of indulgences?
Clip from movie Luther - URCVook4

11. Early Reformers
John Wycliffe ( )
Wycliffe desired to place Bible in hands of people in their own language; translated Bible from Latin into English ( )

12. Early Reformers John Huss (1372-1415) Girolamo Savonarola
True church is composed of those chosen or predestined by God-influenced by Wycliffe
If pope or bishop does not obey Bible, he is not to be obeyed
Only God can grant forgiveness, so for church to sell forgiveness through indulgences is to usurp God’s authority
Girolamo Savonarola
Gave fiery sermons in Florence calling for reform
1497 Florentines responded by burning their possessions including gambling equipment
A year later he is executed for heresy as people turned against him
Thomas More and Desiderius Erasmus – 1500’s

13. 2 - Renaissance Influences
Better educated, critical, urban populace
Renaissance monarchs impatient with church power
Christian Humanism and focus on inward spirituality
Translation of works from latin to vernacular (English, Italian, Dutch etc))

14. 3 – Political Climate Henry VIII – King of England
Became King of England at 18 years of age
Turning Point: Desperately needed a male heir to the throne
Wanted a divorce from his current wife and the Pope would not allow it
Decided to start break from the Catholic church 17

15. 3 – Political Climate
He is married to Catherine of Aragon, the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor, who cannot have more children (they have one girl)
Needs an annulment to re-marry and have a boy, but the pope will not grant one
Legacy: Changed the religion in England from that point on
Henry, however, still considered a male heir essential. The Tudor dynasty was new, and its legitimacy might still be tested.[38] A long civil war (1135–54) had been fought the last time a woman, (Empress Matilda), had inherited the throne. The disasters of civil war were still fresh in living memory from the Wars of the Roses.[39]
In 1520, Catherine's nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V[40]

16. 3 – Political Climate: Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V - Young, insecure and attempting to govern huge decentralized area
Faced attacks from outside - France and Turks
Circumstances within HRE favor Luther

17. Holy Roman Empire

18. 4 - Technological Innovation
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What do you think?
1. What is the major impact of the printing press?
2. Why is important for Europe to gain the ability of reading and writing?
3. What was the fear as more and more people began to read?

19. 4 - Technological Innovation
1450’s - Invention of Movable Type by Johannes Gutenberg
Cheaper and faster to make paper documents - for indulgences, anti catholic works, bibles
Led to the quicker spread of ideas - such as questioning the church
95 Theses travels throughout Europe in 2 weeks!

20. The Spread of the Printing Press
According to the map when did the printing press arrive in Northern Europe?
How does that relate to the beginning of the Reformation?

21. Who is Martin Luther?
Martin Luther was a monk from Germany troubled with church abuses and the sale of indulgences
Friar Tetzel - selling indulgences in Luther’s town of Wittenberg in 1517
Luther wrote the 95 theses - posted on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517
These listed Luther’s complaints and drew him into a heated debate

22. Luther’s Beliefs “Sola Fidei” (Salvation by Faith Alone)
no good works or sacraments needed - only faith.
“Sola Scriptura” (Authority of the Scriptures Alone)
pope is not the authority - bible is.
The Priesthood of All Believers
All people equal to interpret bible

23. *Luther's 95 Theses
list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)
He criticized:
***The Power of the Pope
***The Extreme Wealth of the Church
***Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

24. Luther's 95 Theses
***Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs
Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany
***Gained support from people but criticism from Church

25. Important Events of the Reformation
Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther
Diet of Worms (1521) - Charles V put Luther on trial for beliefs
Edict of Worms (1521) - Luther declared an outlaw
Peace of Augsburg (1555) - the ruler of each German state determined the religion (Protestant or Catholic) of his state
Leads to further Division of Germany between Luther’s supporters and Catholics

26. Legacy of Luther http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0wls0
Identify 3 people, terms, or concepts from the lyrics that you would like to learn more about.
For HW: Research the 3 and be able to explain their relationship to our study of the Reformation

27. New Sects Spread

28. *John Calvin and Calvinism
John Calvin Another famous reformer
*Believed in predestination
God has selected a few elite to be saved from the beginning
Leader of Calvinism 4 4

29. CALVINISM Started in Switzerland – Calvinists England = Puritans
Scotland = Presbyterians
Holland = Dutch Reform
France = Huguenots
Germany = Reform Church

30. *Protestants and Presbyterians
*Christians who belonged to non-catholic churches
*protesters of the catholic church
Presbyterians
*Scottish version of Calvinism
*Followers of John Knox
*Church in Scotland was governed by presbyters or elders 5 5

31. Christianity Protestant Catholic Puritan Lutheran Calvinism
Presbyterian
Puritan
Hugeunots

32. The Effects of the Reformation

33. Catholic Reformation Ignatius of Loyola -> Started the Jesuits
Goals: Education, spread Catholicism, stop Protestantism
Pope Paul III ( )
1. Investigated abuses
2. Approved Jesuits
3. Inquisition
4. Called for Council of Trent

34. The Inquisition - a Catholic judicial system designed to prosecute heretics

35. Council of Trent
when church officials agreed on reforms/doctrines
1. Church interpretation of bible was final
2. Faith and good works for salvation
3. Bible and Church tradition equally important
4. Indulgences were valid but false selling was banned

36. Council of Trent Index of Forbidden books
10,000 books burned in one day in Venice alone

37. The six wives of Henry VIII
1. Catherine of Aragon - Divorced - Child: Mary
2. Anne Bolyen - Beheaded - Child: Elizabeth
3. Jane Seymour - Died - Child: Edward VI
4.Anne of Cleves - Divorced - Child: None
5. Catherine Howard - Beheaded - Child: None
6.Catherine Parr - Survived (Henry died first) - Child:None

38. England During and After Henry VIII
Religious turmoil during reign of Edward VI (Protestant) and Mary I (Catholic)
Elizabeth I inherited throne in 1558
Re-established Anglican church
Compromised between Catholics and Protestants

39. Long Live the Queen!

40. Spanish Armada Philip II of Spain to attack England on July 29, 1558
Spanish Armada ships, 8,000 sailors, 19,000 soldiers
England defeated Spain
“Protestant winds”

42. Effects of the Reformation
France
St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
French calvinists called Huguenots were killed for their beliefs
Edict of Nantes
Huguenots were granted rights by Henry IV

44. Connecting to Essential Questions
Where did the Reformation spread?
How did the Reformation spread?
Why did the Reformation spread?
Impact?
How - spread through the printing press, Princes throughout germany changing to Lutheranism bc of tax issues, inability of Charles V to control HRE let to increase spreading, writing in the Vernacular and the increase in education from teh Renaissance
Why - a common questioning of the church hierarchy, growth in nationalism - ppl felt german vs just catholic, political reasons - leaders did not want to be under the authority of the pope anymore - wanted to have more power for themselves, belief in the catholic church as too corrupt