1. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1863-1965
Chapter 21 p

2. Segregation and Separation
th Amendment
granted full citizenship to the former slaves
called for “due process” and “equal protection under the law”
1875 Civil Rights Act
“all persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations…”
Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional

3. Segregation and Separation
1890--Louisiana law and trains
“equal but separate accommodations…”
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
ruled that “separate but equal” did not violate the 14th Amendment.
“Jim Crow” laws
racial prejudice and segregation in the North as well.

4. Challenging segregation
World War II labor
Minorities in the military
Truman integrated the military in 1948
formation of organizations to campaign for voting and challenge Jim Crow
NAACP
Charles Hamilton Houston
Thurgood Marshall

5. Challenging segregation
Morgan v. Virginia (1946)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

6. Reaction to Brown initial reaction was mixed
Kansas and Oklahoma
Mississippi and Georgia
Baltimore and Washington, D.C.
the KKK and White Citizen’s Councils
Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957
Central High School

7. Little Rock “The Little Rock Nine” Governor Orville Faubus
hand chosen by NAACP
1st day of school
Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Melba Patillo
plan fails
2nd attempt nine days later
Eisenhower and Arkansas National Guard
1957 Civil Rights Act
Warriors Don’t Cry

8. Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus

9. Central High School Little Rock, Arkansas

10. The “Little Rock Nine”
front: Gloria Ray, Elizabeth Eckford, Carlotta Watts, Minnijean Brown.
back: Jefferson Thomas, Daisy Bates, Thelma Mothershed, Terrance Roberts, Melba Patillo, Ernest Green

11. Elizabeth Eckford

12. Montgomery, Alabama, 1955 May, 1954 December 1, 1955 Jo Ann Robinson
Rosa Parks
E.D. Nixon
bus boycott
Montgomery Improvement Association
Martin Luther King, Jr.

13. Rosa Parks prior to arrest

14. A young Martin Luther King, Jr.

15. The Bus Boycott organized quickly support MLK’s home bombed
filed a lawsuit
carpools or walked
support
MLK’s home bombed
lasted 381 days
1956--Supreme Court ruling

16. King in front of fire-bombed home

17. The Movement Begins Boycott and King showed:
power of organization and unity
“nonviolent resistance”
“civil disobedience”
quote, p. 705

18. The Movement Begins Emmett Till murder SCLC SNCC
used students as protesters
sit-ins
February, 1960
Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina tv

19. Emmett Till

20. Sit-in at Woolworth’s Jackson, Mississippi

21. The Movement continues
1961--The Freedom Riders
organization
Bus One and Bus Two
Alabama state line attack
Birmingham, Alabama
Bus Two and Anniston, Alabama
violence in Birmingham and Montgomery

22. Freedom Riders map, 1961

23. Bus Two outside Anniston, Alabama

24. The Movement continues
Integration of public schools
K-12 schools
closed
remained segregated
private and parochial schools
colleges and universities
Auburn
Harold Franklin
Ole Miss
James Meredith
Alabama
Autherine Lucy

25. Harold Franklin, James Meredith, Autherine Lucy

26. The Movement comes to Alabama and Mississippi
April, 1963
April 3--MLK is arrested
“Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
May 3--protesters are hosed by sheriff Eugene “Bull” Connor
June 11, murder of Medgar Evers in Mississippi
September, th Street Baptist Church bombed

27. The Movement draws worldwide attention
August, 1963
March on Washington, D.C.
MKL’s “I Have a Dream Speech”
Civil Rights Act of 1964
prohibited discrimination based on race, gender, religion, national origin.
ended segregation in all public facilities

28. The fight to vote Freedom Summer New political parties
college students
Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, James Chaney
Neshoba County, Mississippi, June 21, 1964
New political parties
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
Fannie Lou Hammer

29. Neshoba County

30. The fight to vote Selma, Alabama Voting Rights Act of 1965
March 7, 1965
“Bloody Sunday”
March 21, 1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965

31. The Movement expands
Voting and an end to segregation got people thinking—what else can be changed?????
end to poverty
change social structure
new focus on the North/urban violence
new leadership

32. The Movement expands Northern segregation Urban violence
de facto segregation
de jure segregation
Chicago riots and protests
Urban violence
New York
Watts in Los Angeles, California

33. New Leadership, New Ideas
Malcolm X (1964)
Stokely Carmichael (1966)
“Black Power”
Black Panthers (1966)

34. 1968--a violent year April 4, 1968 June, 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1968
Memphis, Tennessee
The Lorraine Motel
James Earl Ray
June, 1968
Robert Kennedy
Sirhan Sirhan
Civil Rights Act of 1968

35. Civil Rights since 1968 Fight for equality has continued:
Women’s rights
Hispanics and bi-lingual ballots
Equal pay for equal work
“Victim’s Rights” laws
“Are we changing attitudes or just changing platitudes?”