1. Quality Attributes Or, what’s wrong with this: Exterminator kit – place bug on block, strike with mallet

2. Functionality vs Quality Attributes Functionality Quality

3. Some Qualities Usability Modifiability Performance Security Testability Availability Time to market Cost and benefit Projected System lifetime Targeted Market Rollout Schedule Integration / Legacy

4. Architectural Qualities Conceptual Integrity Correctness and Completeness Buildability

5. Qualities & Trade-offs The qualities are all good The qualities value is project specific The qualities are not independent

6. Quality Attribute Scenarios Source of stimulus Stimulus Environment Artifact Response Response measure (see inside front cover) In the environment, the source throws the stimulus and hits the system in the artifact

7. Example from cars Artifact: Tires Environment: Highway driving Source of stimulus: Road Response: Control maintained Smooth ride Low noise Stimulus: Bumps Response Measure: Deflection < N% Noise < M dB …

8. Remember One stimulus per scenario One environment per scenario One artifact per scenario Multiple response measures are OK

9. Example from software Artifact: User interface Environment: Normal operation Source of stimulus: Shift change Response: Security maintained Acceptable delays Stimulus: Dozens of simultaneous logins Response Measure: No unauthorized users, login < 1 min

10. If you remember one thing … To be effective, quality attribute scenarios must be testable (just like any other requirement) Therefore, the Stimulus Artifact Environment Response measure(s) must be clear and specific

11. Activity: define quality attribute scenarios

12. Next step Assume some of the critical quality attribute scenarios have been defined What next?

13. Tactics: how to accomplish a quality attribute scenario Air-filled tires Big old springs Shock absorbers … (I’m no auto engineer)

14. Tactics for shift change Separate authentication+authorization from environment setup Show progress indicator(s) Precompute expensive structures Defer at-login-time processing to background Thin clients + shared services Deploy workstations Minimize other load on the system at shift change times What BC&K tactics are these? (refer to handout)

15. Tactics for Qualities Tactics are a guide to design! Tactics are design choices oriented toward achieving qualities Tactics can refine other tactics Patterns package tactics Tactics can interfere! Next week: a way to use quality attribute scenarios and tactics to drive module decomposition

16. Tactics are ways to get the desired response in a scenario Artifact Environment Response Stimulus Tactic

17. Tactics example: performance Database Normal ops Prompt results 25 req/sec Max delay < 2 sec Introduce concurrency

18. Fault Fault Masked or Repair Made or Fault Detected (not enough by itself) Qualities categorize tactics Availability

19. Fault Detection Recovery Prep and Repeat Recovery- Reintroduction Prevention Echo Ping Exception Voting Active Redundancy Passive Redundancy Spare Shadow State ReSync Rollback Removal from service Transactions Process Monitor

20. Tactics can interfere with each other Modifiability: use an intermediary Performance: reduce computational overhead Modifiability/Performance conflicts are common

21. Patterns package tactics An architectural pattern usually applies a set of compatible tactics Better yet, mutually reinforcing tactics Or at least, the pattern may give advice on balancing tactics that tend to conflict

22. Example 1: tactics in Money (488) This is one of Fowler’s Base Patterns Modifiability tactics used include m1. Semantic coherence m2. Anticipate changes m3. Generalize module m5. Abstract common services

23. Example 2: Reactor includesReactor Modifiability: m3. Generalize module m5. Abstract common services m6. Hide information Performance: p3. Manage event rate p2. Reduce computational overhead p5. Introduce concurrency p8. Scheduling policy

24. Styles Styles (Shaw and Garlan) are recurring partial architectures Styles are sometimes also called “patterns” Like patterns, they package tactics But they’re not usually linked with a problem A style consists of Set of element types Element topology Set of semantic constraints Set of interaction mechanisms

25. Style example: pipes and filters Tactics include: m2. anticipate expected changes m5.abstract common services m6.hide information m7.maintain existing interface m8.restrict communication paths m12.polymorphism m13.component replacement p3.manage event rate

26. Style example: Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) service app Tactics include: m2.anticipate expected changes m5.abstract common services m6.hide information m7.maintain existing interface m8.restrict communication paths m12.polymorphism m13.component replacement m14. adherence to defined protocols t2. separate interface from implementation

27. Tools of the architect’s trade Quality attribute scenarios … A way of defining testable quality requirements Tactics … Bags of tricks you can apply Patterns and styles … Sets of tactics that usually fit together well and are often applied together