1. FILM ARTIFACT,ERROR&FAULT DR SAMY I ALAGHA A.PROFESSOR OF RADIOLOGY ALAZHAR-GAZA UNIVERCITY

2. FILM FAULT CAUSES OF FAULTY RADIOGRAPH 1-Errors in projection 2-Errors in exposure 3-Errors in film processing

3. PROJECTION ERRORS These can be due to A-Patient position>>>blurred image B-Errors due film position>>> 1-Area of interest not shown 2-Crowns are not shown 3-Apical ends not shown 4-distortion 5-black lines

4. 6-Dropped film corner 7-Blurred image 8-Black dot on the apical region 9-Reverse positioning of the film 10-Double image 11-Radiopaque artifacts on the final image 12-Holding of film by patient finger 13-White written letters line 14-Black or white crescents(finger nails)

5. Projection errors C-Errors due to cone position>>> 1-Vertical angulation: a-elongation b-shortening 2-Horizontal angulation 3-Point of entry 4-Cone cut 5-Movement of cone

6. EXPOSUER ERRORS 1-IMAGE DENSITY A-High density image due to 1-over exposure 2-Over processing B-Low density image due to 1-Under exposure 2-Under developing

7. EXPOSUER ERRORS 2-IMAGE CONTRAST A-Low contrast >>>due to high KV B-High contrast>>>due to low KV

8. PROCESSING ERRORS 1-Black lines or spots 2-White lines or spots 3-Black or white finger prints 4-Static elecricity 5-Developer cut off&fixer cut off 6-Blank image 7-Reticulation 8-Yellowish brown discolouration 9-Fogging

9. FOGGING 1-Light fogging 2-Radiation fogging 3-Chemical fogging 4-Storage fogging

10. END