1. THE SEARCH FOR THE HIGGS BOSON Aungshuman Zaman Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University October 11, 2010

2. What Is This Talk All About Why is the search for the Higgs Boson important? – Gauge theory and standard model. How can we detect Higgs boson? – Direct and indirect search. AZAMAN, 10.11.102

3. How do we explain nature at its smallest scale? Quantum Mechanics + Special Relativity (No Gravity) QFT AZAMAN, 10.11.103

4. Gauge Symmetry We demand Lagrangian density is invariant under certain continuous local transformations--- Gauge Transformations. These symmetry transformations form groups. This imposition of condition on the field theories gives us the force carrying particles. AZAMAN, 10.11.104

5. Gauge Theories AZAMAN, 10.11.105

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7. BUT… … There are problems with this picture – 1. Weak force carriers are massive unlike the photon and gluon. – 2. Leptons and quarks should not be massive. AZAMAN, 10.11.107

8. Here comes the Higgs Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble (1963-64) SU(2) not an exact symmetry. Introduce one extra scalar field--- HIGGS field with non-zero vacuum expectation value AZAMAN, 10.11.108

9. The Mexican hat potential: The ground state lacks the symmetry of the whole system. AZAMAN, 10.11.109

10. Higgs Boson completes the SM picture The electroweak symmetry is spontaneously broken. Electroweak gauge bosons acquire mass through the “Higgs Mechanism.” According to the simplest model, Higgs boson is a scalar particle with couplings to other particle. This coupling is responsible for the mass of leptons and quarks. AZAMAN, 10.11.1010

11. So search for the Higgs boson is very important for our understanding of the universe. AZAMAN, 10.11.1011

12. Experimental Search for Higgs Indirect: Precision Electroweak Constraints – Precision measurement of the W,Z and t masses has been used to establish indirect limits on SM Higgs mass. – (Fermilab, LEP and SLD) exclusion of a SM Higgs boson having a mass greater than 285 GeV/c 2 at 95% CL. (2006) AZAMAN, 10.11.1012

13. Experimental Search for Higgs Direct Search – LEP (1989-2000; electron-positron at 45-200 GeV) – Tevatron (proton-antiproton at 2 TeV) – LHC (proton-proton at 7-14 TeV; The discovery of the Higgs particle was a primary motivation for the LHC.) AZAMAN, 10.11.1013

14. Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) LEP data sets the experimental lower bound for the mass of the SM Higgs boson at 114.4 GeV/c 2 (95% CL) In 2000, data from LEP suggested inconclusively that the Higgs Particle of a mass around 115 GeV might have been observed. AZAMAN, 10.11.1014

15. Important parameters Higgs cross section Higgs Branching Ratio Background AZAMAN, 10.11.1015

16. Higgs Cross section (in pb) AZAMAN, 10.11.1016

17. Higgs Decay Ratio While searching for the Higgs particle in a given mass range, the decay modes are selected on the basis of branching ratio as well as the relative background for the process in that mass range. AZAMAN, 10.11.1017

18. Low mass region: M H <135 Gev/c 2 AZAMAN, 10.11.1018

19. So at Tevatron…… AZAMAN, 10.11.1019

20. At LHC… … ppH γ γ Branching Ratio ~ 10 -4 So we are throwing away 99.99% of the data. Larger energy makes S/B even worse WHY?? AZAMAN, 10.11.1020

21. LHC Two high energy photons set the Higgs process apart from the regular processes (q¯q →γ, gg → γ and quark bremsstralung). A bump in the di-photon invariant mass spectrum. AZAMAN, 10.11.1021

22. High mass region; M H >135 GeV/c 2 Both Tevatron and LHC Easier, S/B comparatively good Dominant channel: H WW (*) Background: pp WW (*) l ν l ν WZl ν l‘ ν’ ZZ l ν l‘ ν’ Angular correlation between final state leptons. AZAMAN, 10.11.1022

23. Higgs mass range narrows down at Tevatron In 2010, data from CDF and D0 experiments at the Tevatron exclude the Higgs boson in the range between 158 GeV/c 2 and 175 GeV/c 2 (95% CL) AZAMAN, 10.11.1023

24. So, Where do we stand? Status as of August 2010, to 95% confidence interval. AZAMAN, 10.11.1024

25. Bibliography Professor John Hobbs, Stony Brook University. Professor Patrick Meade, Stony brook University. Introduction to elementary particles, D. Griffiths Tests of the Standard Electroweak Model at the Energy Frontier, John D. Hobbs, Mark S. Neubauer and Scott Willenbrock Precise predictions for Higgs cross sections at the Large Hadron Collider, Robert Harlandera Indirect limit on the standard model Higgs boson mass from the precision Fermilab, LEP, and SLD data, J. H. Field SEARCHES FOR THE HIGGS BOSON AT LHC, M. DELMASTRO, on behalf of the ATLAS and CMS collaborations, European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) Wikipedia, Scholarpedia AZAMAN, 10.11.1025