1. VF Causes1 SOME SOCIAL CAUSES OF PARTNER VIOLENCE A. MALE DOMINANCE IN FAMILIES AND SOCIETY Really dominance rather than equality B. HIGH LEVEL OF CONFLICT IN FAMILIES C. CULTURAL NORMS TOLERATING FAMILY VIOLENCE D. VIOLENCE CHILD REARING E. VIOLENCE IN THE SOCIETY F. MANY OTHER SOCIAL CAUSES G. PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES H. MULTIPLE CAUSES, ALL INTERWOVEN

2. VF Causes2 A. INEQUALITY AND ESPECIALLY MALE DOMINANCE Female dominance has the same effect Male dominance more important because more frequent Husband as the ‘head of the household’ National and international data on above

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5. 5 Marital Power, Conflict, Norm Consensus, and Marital Violence in a Nationally Representative Sample of Korean Couples. Kim, Jae-Yop and Emery, Clifton. 2003. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18:197-219. N = 1,525 married men Phone survey Power measure: Blood and Wolfe Decision Power Index Who had the final say on five decisions: Buying a car Buying a house What job the husband should take What job the wife should take\ Whether a partner should go to work or quit work Answer categories: Wife only, Wife mostly, Husband and Wife equally, Husband only, Husband only

6. VF Causes6 Kim, Jae-Yop and Emery, Clifton. 2003.

7. VF Causes7 THE CONCEPT OF A “RISK FACTOR” A CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM EXAMPLES: –SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33% chance) –MALE DOMINANCE AND WIFE BEATING (20% chance - 7 fold increase) –SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY (24% chance - 5 fold increase) –BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING (19% chance - 3 fold increase)

8. VF Causes8 B

9. 9 UNRESOLVED CONFLICTS BETWEEN PARTNERS

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12. VF Causes12 ‘HONOR KILLING’ STILL RECOGNIZED AND PRACTICED IN SOME MUSLIM COUNTRIES Example Of Jordan, NY Times 1 Feb 03, page A4 Book by Norma Khouri, Honor Lost (Simon and Shuster, 2003)

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17. VF Causes17 The Demographic and Health Surveys Purpose is to track the effectiveness of national family planning and health programs. Funded by U.S. Agency for International Development‘ (USAID)

18. VF Causes18 Nation/Year Burns the food (%) Argues with him (%) Goes out without telling him (%) Neglect s children (%) Refuses to have sex with him (%) Agrees with at least one reason (%) Number of women URURURURURURU R Sub-Saharan Africa Malawi (00)7.918. 2 10. 8 20. 1 11. 4 17. 5 13. 7 23. 3 11. 0 19. 1 22. 4 38. 2 210 6 11114 Uganda (00/01) 10. 9 24. 5 20. 6 40. 2 45. 0 58. 5 57. 7 69. 3 12. 7 26. 5 65. 6 78. 6 120 7 6039 Zimbabwe (99) 7.015. 1 21. 2 38. 2 19. 1 33. 2 24. 5 35. 5 14. 4 27. 3 39. 9 57. 9 227 9 3628 North Africa/West Asia/Europe Armenia (00)2.48.99.122. 4 11. 7 32. 9 17. 9 41. 8 4.110. 4 22. 0 48. 8 394 2 2488 Central Asia Turkmenistan (00) 16. 7 26. 3 26. 9 39. 7 33. 2 46. 4 37. 6 48. 8 17. 2 24. 4 45. 6 57. 0 369 1 4228 South & Southeast Asia Nepal (01)3.95.18.08.813. 2 12. 1 29. 0 24. 8 2.73.133. 2 28. 3 841 7885 Latin America & Caribbean Haiti (00)6.614. 4 6.414. 0 23. 4 34. 4 21. 6 33. 2 10. 2 16. 9 32. 5 46. 8 236 4 2798 Circumstances when women feel it is acceptable for a husband to beat his wife by type of residence (urban versus rural)

19. VF Causes19 Number of decisions where woman has final say Agrees with at least one reason (%) Number of women 041.210,645 1 to 246.016,056 3 to 446.511,517 542.116,392 Acceptance of reasons for a husband to beat his wife is high regardless of a woman’s decision-making power

20. VF Causes20 INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY I CAN THINK OF A SITUATION WHEN I WOULD APPROVE OF A HUSBAND SLAPPING HIS WIFE’S FACE Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Agree, Strongly Agree What percent of students in each country do not strongly disagree?

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22. VF Causes22 TOLERANCE FOR SLAPPING A SPOUSE: HIGHER THAN WE THOUGHT * David W. Moore The Gallup Organization Murray Straus The Family Research Laboratory University of New Hampshire * Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association For Public Opinion Research, May 18-21, 1995.

23. VF Causes23 Nationally representative sample of 1,023 adults Asked: "Are there any situations that you can imagine in which you would approve of a husband slapping his wife's face?“ "Are there any situations that you can imagine in which you would approve of a wife slapping her husband's wife's face?" Respondents could answer Yes or No. Question first used in a study in 1968 for the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence For both questions, 21% answered yes. See the Commission Reports, 1969; Owens and Straus, 1975; Stark and McEvoy, 1970) and were also used in a 1985 and 1992 survey as well as the present study.

24. VF Causes24 MY QUALITATIVE EXPLORATIONS SUGGESTED THIS WAS AN UNDERESTIMATE WHAT COULD CAUSE THE UNDERESTIMATE? MANY THINGS. DAVID MOORE SUGGESTED IT WAS DUE TO A COMBINATION OF: Reluctance To Reveal Socially Undesirable Beliefs A Question Order Effect HUSBAND SLAP WIFE QUESTION ALWAYS ASKED FIRST QUESTION ORDER EXPERIMENT Form A = Husband slap wife question first Form B = Wife slap husband question first.

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26. VF Causes26 LESSONS LEARNED FROM THIS STUDY The need to be skeptical about all research results\ The scientific approach to skepticism is to do further research Importance of multiple methods: qualitative as well as quantitative How an experiment can be used to test social science theories The extent to which there are unrecognized cultural norms permitting violence against partners The greater social acceptability of violence by women against partners, provided it is “justified” and relatively “minor violence” Men are more accepting of violence by women than are women Feminist women are less accepting of violence than other women How to read and interpret a three-dimensional table

27. VF Causes27 D. WHY DO WE HAVE CULTURAL NORMS THAT APPROVE OR TOLERATE USE OF VIOLENCE IN FAMILIES? LEARNING OF VIOLENCE THROUGH OBSERVING PARENTS HIT EACH OTHER AND FROM CORPORAL PUNISHMENT USE OF VIOLENCE BY GOVENMENT

28. VF Causes28 Data from interviews with a nationally representative sample of 970 American parents in Gallup survey, 1995. Asked the parents interviewed: “Thinking about the whole time when you were a teenager, were there occasions when your (father/stepfather) hit your (mother/stepmother) or threw something at her? YES NO If yes: how often did that happen? Never, Once, Twice,..3-5 times, 6-10 times, 11-20 times, 20 or more times What about your (mother/stepmother) hitting your (father/&father)? Were there occasions when that happened YES NO Saw hitting by either parent23.4% Father hit mother19.5% Mother hit father12.6% LEARNED BY WHITNESSING VIOLENCE BETWEEN PARENTS

29. VF Causes29 SPANKING TEACHES VIOLENCE

30. VF Causes30 WHAT PREVOKES SPANKING? WONT CLEAN UP HIS ROOM - 9% STEALING - 27% HITS OTHER CHILD - 41%

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34. VF Causes34 CORPORAL PUNISHMENT PARTNER ASSAULT CHILD ABUSE ANGER LOW SELF-ESTEEM DEPRESSION LOW PROBLEM SOLVING SKILL VIOLENCE APPROVAL PROCESSES LINKING CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND FAMILY VIOLENCE

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41. VF Causes41 F. SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE IMMATURITY IMPULSIVENESS LOW PROBLEM SOLVING SKILL ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTION JEALOUSY VIOLENT DISPOSITION, AGGRESSIVENESS HOSTILITY, ANGER DEPRESSION LOW SELF ESTEEM DOMINATING PERSONALITY DRUNKENNESS ETC

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43. VF Causes43 THE CONCEPT OF A “RISK FACTOR” A CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM EXAMPLES: –SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33% chance) –MALE DOMINANCE AND WIFE BEATING (20% chance - 7 fold increase) –SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY (24% chance - 5 fold increase) –BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING (19% chance - 3 fold increase)

44. VF Causes44 G. MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS/CAUSES SMALL EFFECT OF ANY SINGLE CAUSE LARGE CUMULATIVE EFECT INTERWOVEN AND INTERACTING

45. VF Causes45 PARTNER VIOLENCE CHECK LIST (applies to both H-W & W-H Husband employed part time or unemployed Family income under $6,000 Husband a manual worker Husband very worried about economic security Wife very dissatisfied with standard of living Two or more children Disagreement over children Grew up in family in which fatber hit mother Married less than ten years Age thirty or under Non-white racial group Above average score on Marital Conflict Index Very high score on Stress Index Wife dominant in family decisions Husband was verbally aggressive to wife Wife was verbally aggressive to husband Gets drunk but is not alcoholic Lived in neighborhood less than two years No participation in organized religion

46. VF Causes46 Characteristics That Are Important for Wife-beating Husband dominant in family decisions Wife is full-time housewife Wife very womed about economic security Characteristics That Are Important for Husband beating Wife was physically punished at age thirteen plus by father Wife grew up in family in which mother hit father Wife is a manual worker

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49. VF Causes49 SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE A LARGE PROPORTION OF PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL ABUSE OCCURS WITH THE ACQUIENCE OF OTHERS IMPLICIT CULTURAL NORMS OF TOLERATION CHILD ABUSE PARTNER VIOLNECE SEXUAL HARRASMENT (AAUP study shows most occurs in classrooms and hallways) PREVENTION IMPLICAITONS PARTLY DUE TO NORM OF FAMILY PRIVACY BUT WHAT ABOUT ACQUIENCE BY OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS?

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