1. The End of WWI

2. Building Up to the Last 100 Days The Status of the War 1917

3. The United States Declares War

4. Russia Bows Out The war was going badly for Russia and the Tsar (Nicholas II) was extremely unpopular The war was going badly for Russia and the Tsar (Nicholas II) was extremely unpopular A new philosophy “Communism” was becoming popular. A new philosophy “Communism” was becoming popular. Communism: Communism: Gov’t ownership of all land and factories Gov’t ownership of all land and factories Elimination of “classes” (rich/poor), all were supposed to be equal Elimination of “classes” (rich/poor), all were supposed to be equal Focus was on creating a “workers’ paradise” in which all would share equally in the wealth of the state Focus was on creating a “workers’ paradise” in which all would share equally in the wealth of the state Championed the plight of the “working classes” against the “greedy, rich parasites” Championed the plight of the “working classes” against the “greedy, rich parasites” The Communists called for a revolution to overthrow the Tsar and bring an end to the war The Communists called for a revolution to overthrow the Tsar and bring an end to the war In 1917, the Communists took control of Russia and executed the royal family. In 1917, the Communists took control of Russia and executed the royal family. They signed a treaty with Germany to end the war, but Russia had to give up a large chunk of western territory in exchange for peace – Germany could now concentrate her forces on the Western Front They signed a treaty with Germany to end the war, but Russia had to give up a large chunk of western territory in exchange for peace – Germany could now concentrate her forces on the Western Front

5. The United States Declares War Zimmerman Note

7. Submarine Warfare Germany needed to cut off the supplies going to Britain in order to halt their war effort. Germany needed to cut off the supplies going to Britain in order to halt their war effort. Germany used the submarine to destroy Allied supply ships and merchant vessels. Germany used the submarine to destroy Allied supply ships and merchant vessels. Some neutral countries (including the USA) sold supplies and war materiel to Britain. Some neutral countries (including the USA) sold supplies and war materiel to Britain. To prevent this, Germany declared “Unrestricted Submarine Warfare”, claiming the right to sink any ship supplying the Allies To prevent this, Germany declared “Unrestricted Submarine Warfare”, claiming the right to sink any ship supplying the Allies After sinking a number of “neutral” targets, the Germans sunk the Lusitania a passenger liner with many Americans on board. After sinking a number of “neutral” targets, the Germans sunk the Lusitania a passenger liner with many Americans on board. This shocked the American public and the USA soon joined the Triple Entente against Germany This shocked the American public and the USA soon joined the Triple Entente against Germany

8. The United States Declares War April 1917 President Woodrow Wilson “We have no selfish ends to serve…” “to make the world safe for democracy…” “war to end war…”

9. The Status of the War (Jan.,1917) Triple Entente / Triple Alliance The U.S.A had joined but were, as yet, unable to send troops (unprepared). The U.S.A had joined but were, as yet, unable to send troops (unprepared). Russia, under new gov’t had abandoned the war and the Entente Russia, under new gov’t had abandoned the war and the Entente Canadian troops had won victories at Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele Canadian troops had won victories at Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele Germany’s “unrestricted” submarine warfare has brought the U.S. into the war. Germany’s “unrestricted” submarine warfare has brought the U.S. into the war. They had lost several significant battles They had lost several significant battles They no longer had to worry about the Russians in the East They no longer had to worry about the Russians in the East Germany could concentrate on a massive offensive on the Western Front Germany could concentrate on a massive offensive on the Western Front

10. Last 100 Days March to June 1918 March to June 1918 Germany makes one last push to split the French and British Germany makes one last push to split the French and British Allies pushed back led by Canada Allies pushed back led by Canada August 8th 1918 known as “The Black Day of the German Army” (they realized that they could not win the war) August 8th 1918 known as “The Black Day of the German Army” (they realized that they could not win the war)

11. Last 100 Days Con’t August 8 th to November 11 1918- Canada’s Last 100 Days August 8 th to November 11 1918- Canada’s Last 100 Days Canadians continued to press forward led by Currie Canadians continued to press forward led by Currie Spearheaded an attack on the city of Amiens and pushed the Germans back 13km Spearheaded an attack on the city of Amiens and pushed the Germans back 13km Then they kept going Then they kept going

12. Canada’s Hundred Days September 27: Canal du Nord September 27: Canal du Nord October 11: Cambrai October 11: Cambrai November 10: Mons (which had been in German hands since early in the war) November 10: Mons (which had been in German hands since early in the war) At the same time as they took Mons, an armistice (a truce) was being negotiated At the same time as they took Mons, an armistice (a truce) was being negotiated

13. The Final Shot News of the coming armistice spread through the armies on both sides. The fighting would stop at exactly 11:00AM on November 11, 1918. News of the coming armistice spread through the armies on both sides. The fighting would stop at exactly 11:00AM on November 11, 1918. However, in order to try and gain as best a post- war bargaining position as possible, each side kept fighting up until the last minute. However, in order to try and gain as best a post- war bargaining position as possible, each side kept fighting up until the last minute. At 10:58AM, Nov. 11, 1918, Private George Lawrence Price was killed by a German sniper. At 10:58AM, Nov. 11, 1918, Private George Lawrence Price was killed by a German sniper. He was Canada’s final casualty of WWI He was Canada’s final casualty of WWI

14. The Treaty of Versailles The Peace Treaty That Would Lead to War

15. At Versailles In 1919, delegates from numerous nations gathered at the palace of Versailles in France to create a peace treaty to officially end WWI. In 1919, delegates from numerous nations gathered at the palace of Versailles in France to create a peace treaty to officially end WWI. The treaty would also spell out the conditions and penalties that Germany would have to accept if she wanted to avoid invasion. The treaty would also spell out the conditions and penalties that Germany would have to accept if she wanted to avoid invasion. German delegates were not invited to the conference or asked for their input. German delegates were not invited to the conference or asked for their input.

16. Canada sent two officials to the conference. This was significant as they were not there as part of the British delegation. Canada was representing itself, apart from Britain, on the international stage. Canada sent two officials to the conference. This was significant as they were not there as part of the British delegation. Canada was representing itself, apart from Britain, on the international stage. The Canadian gov’t demanded this right from Britain, due to the major contribution Canada made to the war effort. The Canadian gov’t demanded this right from Britain, due to the major contribution Canada made to the war effort. While there were hundreds of representatives from numerous Allied countries, it was the “Big Three” (USA, Britain, France) that made the major decisions. (Russia, which was now communist, was not invited) While there were hundreds of representatives from numerous Allied countries, it was the “Big Three” (USA, Britain, France) that made the major decisions. (Russia, which was now communist, was not invited)

17. The “Big Three” British PM David Lloyd-George wanted to punish Germany, but felt that they had to also keep Germany economically strong. This would help re-establish European trade and keep communism from growing in Europe. British PM David Lloyd-George wanted to punish Germany, but felt that they had to also keep Germany economically strong. This would help re-establish European trade and keep communism from growing in Europe. France’s Georges Clemenceau wanted only to punish Germany severely for the damage the war had caused. He wanted to crush the German economy and break the country up into smaller, disconnected states. France’s Georges Clemenceau wanted only to punish Germany severely for the damage the war had caused. He wanted to crush the German economy and break the country up into smaller, disconnected states.

18. The US Pres. Woodrow Wilson thought Germany should be punished, but not too severely. He also had a plan of 14 Points that he thought would lead to world peace and should be the basis for the treaty. The US Pres. Woodrow Wilson thought Germany should be punished, but not too severely. He also had a plan of 14 Points that he thought would lead to world peace and should be the basis for the treaty. None of the leaders got exactly what they wanted. In the end, the treaty was a mish-mash of compromises that were too harsh on some points and too lax on others. None of the leaders got exactly what they wanted. In the end, the treaty was a mish-mash of compromises that were too harsh on some points and too lax on others.

21. The Terms Military: Germany cannot have an army exceeding 100,000 soldiers. Germany cannot have an army exceeding 100,000 soldiers. Germany’s navy can have only 6 battleships and NO submarines or new crafts over 10,000 tonnes. Germany’s navy can have only 6 battleships and NO submarines or new crafts over 10,000 tonnes. Germany cannot have a military air force of any kind. Germany cannot have a military air force of any kind. Germany could not enter into a military treaty or any alliance with Austria Germany could not enter into a military treaty or any alliance with Austria

22. Territory: Germany must had over all of its overseas colonies to the new League of Nations (went to the Allies). Germany must had over all of its overseas colonies to the new League of Nations (went to the Allies). Sections of Germany were to be cut-off and given to other nations (in this way, an independent Poland was created) Sections of Germany were to be cut-off and given to other nations (in this way, an independent Poland was created) The Rhineland area of German (on the French border) was demilitarized. The Rhineland area of German (on the French border) was demilitarized. The coal-rich Saar Basin was also given to France The coal-rich Saar Basin was also given to France

23. Make Germany Pay! In addition to the other punishments, it was decided that Germany must pay reparations to the winners of the war. In addition to the other punishments, it was decided that Germany must pay reparations to the winners of the war. This meant that Germany had to pay for the cost of the war for all the Allies, plus the damage the war had done. This meant that Germany had to pay for the cost of the war for all the Allies, plus the damage the war had done. The bill was set at 6.6 Billion (British Pounds), to be paid in currency, steel, coal and other resources The bill was set at 6.6 Billion (British Pounds), to be paid in currency, steel, coal and other resources It was estimated that it would take until 1984 for Germany to fully pay the reparations bill. It was estimated that it would take until 1984 for Germany to fully pay the reparations bill. This would be crippling to the shattered German economy This would be crippling to the shattered German economy

24. Article 231 The section of the treaty that made many Germans furious was Article 231, the War Guilt Clause The section of the treaty that made many Germans furious was Article 231, the War Guilt Clause This section blamed the war entirely on Germany and her Allies. This section blamed the war entirely on Germany and her Allies. This was hard to accept as many Germans believed they had been defending themselves against British/French military aggression. This was hard to accept as many Germans believed they had been defending themselves against British/French military aggression.

25. Other Sections New countries were created out of the shattered Austro-Hungarian Empire. New countries were created out of the shattered Austro-Hungarian Empire. Also, many Balkan states were joined together into a country called Yugoslavia Also, many Balkan states were joined together into a country called Yugoslavia Other new countries were formed from parts of Germany and the old Russian Empire Other new countries were formed from parts of Germany and the old Russian Empire

26. 19141919

27. Initially, the German gov’t refused to sign the treaty, but they Allies threatened to invade so on June 28, 1919, the Germans signed, under protest and under “threat of force”. Initially, the German gov’t refused to sign the treaty, but they Allies threatened to invade so on June 28, 1919, the Germans signed, under protest and under “threat of force”. The German people were shocked and angered by the terms of the treaty and many felt unjustly punished by the Allies. The German people were shocked and angered by the terms of the treaty and many felt unjustly punished by the Allies.

28. League of Nations One of Wilson’s “14 Points” was the creation of an international organization that could mediate disputes and help to avoid war. One of Wilson’s “14 Points” was the creation of an international organization that could mediate disputes and help to avoid war. This idea was adopted and the “League of Nations” was created. This idea was adopted and the “League of Nations” was created. Canada was given its own seat in the organization, separate and independent from Britain. Canada was given its own seat in the organization, separate and independent from Britain. Germany was not allowed to join because of the war, and Russia was also left out because it was a communist country Germany was not allowed to join because of the war, and Russia was also left out because it was a communist country

29. Prophetic Words WWI was soon called the “War to end all wars”. WWI was soon called the “War to end all wars”. People felt that after the losses of WWI, no one would want to fight another war again. People felt that after the losses of WWI, no one would want to fight another war again. Also, the new League of Nations was in place to mediate disputes and the Treaty of Versailles would solve the old problems in Europe. Also, the new League of Nations was in place to mediate disputes and the Treaty of Versailles would solve the old problems in Europe. Not everyone shared this opinion. Some felt that the treaty not only wouldn’t prevent war, but would actually serve to cause it. Not everyone shared this opinion. Some felt that the treaty not only wouldn’t prevent war, but would actually serve to cause it.

30. After hearing the terms of the Versailles treaty, Marshal Foch (high commander of WWI Allied Forces) was heard to remark, After hearing the terms of the Versailles treaty, Marshal Foch (high commander of WWI Allied Forces) was heard to remark, “This isn’t peace! This is a truce for twenty years!” The Treaty of Versailles was signed June 28 th 1919. Twenty years and sixty-seven days later, Nazi Germany invaded Poland and WWII had begun. The Treaty of Versailles was signed June 28 th 1919. Twenty years and sixty-seven days later, Nazi Germany invaded Poland and WWII had begun.