1. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Route Design Unit 4: Service Planning & Network Design

2. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Service Planning Steps Crew scheduling Vehicle scheduling Timetabling Frequency determination Route design and stop layout Network design Adapted from Mark Hickman

3. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Agenda Connections Route Design Basics Stop Spacing

4. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TRANSFERS CONNECTIONS

5. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Simple City

6. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Simple City

7. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Simple City

8. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Direct Service Option

9. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Connective Option

10. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Reasons to connect Geometrically required Politically required Technologically required

11. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Requirements for easy connections Station design Station amenities Schedule coordination Joint fares Excellent information

12. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Types of connections Origin / DestinationShort HeadwayLong Headway Short HeadwayCase A Always short, convenient Case C Varies greatly Info required Long HeadwayCase B Always short, convenient Case D Variable depending on headways: 1.Equal and simultaneous 2.Equal but not simultaneous 3.Different

13. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Timed Transfer System Transit arrives simultaneously Three keys 1.Schedules prepared with network design 2.Reliable operations 3.Information and education

14. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Pulse Headways Ideally repeat every hour Two choices – 15 minutes (7.5, 30, 45, 60) – 20 minutes (10, 40, 60)

15. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Source: Vuchic

16. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Adjusting T Lengthen terminal times Increase operating speed through preferential treatment Change line length Change number of vehicles (TU)

17. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Multifocal Network Source: Vuchic

18. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood In-class: Graphic representation of synchronized schedules

19. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood ROUTE DESIGN BASICS

20. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Trade-offs in Route Design Stop density – passenger access vs. route speed Route length and circuitousness – direct service vs. service reliability Trip generators – frequency vs. coverage

21. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Route Length vs Access Source: Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives by Jarrett Walker

22. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Frequency vs Coverage Source: Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives by Jarrett Walker

23. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Types of Routes Line haul - high frequency / capacity Loops - coverage for lower-density or circulation Short turn routes – shorter segment Branching routes – split a route Feeder routes – connect to line haul Limited and express routes - improve travel times, balance loads Zonal service - some sections

24. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood STOP SPACING

25. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Stop Density Generally higher stop densities at higher land use density (downtown) Lack of stops = deter ridership

26. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Station Planning Objectives Serve major centers and transfers Minimum passenger travel time Maximum area coverage Maximum passenger attraction Minimum system cost  model for optimum spacing

27. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Optimum Station Density

28. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Coverage vs Speed Source: Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives by Jarrett Walker

29. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Coverage vs Speed

30. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Impact of Stop Spacing on Speed

31. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Express Rapid Local Skip-stop Service

32. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Source: http://www.humantransit.org/2011/04/basics-walking-distance-to-transit.html Impact of Street Network

33. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Rail Stop Spacing EnvironmentSpacing RangeTypical Spacing Urban Metro600 m – 1200 m900 m Regional Rail1400 m – 1800 m1600 m LRT1000 m – 1500 m1250 m Rail with P&R1600 m – 4000 m2000 m Vuchic, 2005, Table 5.2

34. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Bus Stop Spacing EnvironmentSpacing Range Typical Spacing CBD300’ – 1000’600’ Urban500’ – 1200’750’ Suburban600’ – 2500’1000’ Rural650’ – 2640’1250’ TCRP Report 19: Guidelines for the Location and Design of Bus Stops

35. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Stop Location Close to supportive land uses Near intersections Remember “Near-side” vs “Far-side”

36. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Conclusion Connections allow agencies to build a more extensive network Route design involves trade-offs in stop density, route length and circuitousness, and trip generators

37. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Reference Materials in this lecture were taken from: Jarrett Walker, “Human Transit” (2012) Vukan Vuchic, “Urban Transit Operations, Planning and Economics” (2005) Mark Hickman, Fundamentals of Transportation wikibook, “Network Design & Frequency”, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_T ransportation/Network_Design_and_Frequency http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_T ransportation/Network_Design_and_Frequency TCQSM TTI, “TCRP Report 19: Guidelines for the Location and Design of Bus Stops” (1996)