1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 10 Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Erikson’s Theory: Industry versus Inferiority Industry Developing a sense of competence at useful skills. School provides many opportunities. Inferiority Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well. Family environment, teachers, peers, can contribute to negative feelings.

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Changes in Self-Understanding during Middle Childhood Self-Concept Social comparisons Ideal and real self Self-Esteem Hierarchically structured Drops first few years in school, then rises

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Influences on Self-Esteem Culture Child-rearing Practices Messages from adults Attributions Mastery-oriented Learned Helplessness

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Emotional Development in Middle Childhood Self-Conscious Emotions Pride Guilt Emotional Understanding Explain using internal states Understand mixed emotions Emotional Self-Regulation Motivated by self-esteem and peer approval Emotional self-efficacy

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Selman’s Stages of Perspective Taking Level 0Undifferentiated3 – 6 years Level 1Social-informational4 – 9 years Level 2Self-reflective7 – 12 years Level 3Third-party10 – 15 years Level 4Societal 14 years to adult

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Development of Distributive Justice Equality — 5 – 6 years Merit — 6 – 7 years Benevolence — around 8 years

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Peer Groups Formed from proximity, similarity Adopt similar dress and behavior Peer Culture Relational aggression Exclusion

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Friendship in Middle Childhood Personal qualities, trust become important More selective in choosing friends Friendships can last several years Influence each other’s behavior

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Peer Acceptance Popular Popular-prosocial Popular-antisocial Rejected Rejected-aggressive Rejected-withdrawn Controversial Neglected

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Gender Typing in Middle Childhood Gender Stereotypes Extend stereotypes to include personalities and school subjects More flexible about behavior Gender Identity Boys more masculine Girls less feminine Cultural Factors

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Family Relationships Parents Coregulation Siblings Rivalry Companionship and assistance

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 International Divorce Rates

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Consequences of Parental Divorce Immediate Instability, conflict, drop in income Parental stress, disorganization Consequences affected by: Age Temperament Sex Long-Term Improved adjustment after 2 years Boys, children with difficult temperaments more likely to have problems Father’s involvement affects adjustment

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Blended Families Mother-Stepfather Most frequent Boys usually adjust quickly Girls adapt less favorably Older children and adolescents of both sexes display more problems Father-Stepmother Often leads to reduced father-child contact Children in fathers’ custody often react negatively Girls & stepmothers slow to get along at first, more positive interaction later

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Maternal Employment and Child Development Benefits Higher self-esteem Positive family and peer relations Fewer gender stereotypes Better grades More father involvement Drawbacks Less time for children, risk of ineffective parenting

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Support for Working Parents Flexible Schedules, job sharing Sick leave Involvement of other parent Equal pay and opportunities Quality child care

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Fears and Anxieties in Middle Childhood Fears of dark, thunder, lightning, supernatural beings persist School phobia 5–7 years – separation from home 11 –13 – particular aspects of school Fears of real elements of environment

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Child Sexual Abuse Characteristics of Victims More often female Reported in middle childhood Characteristics of Abusers Usually Male Parent or known by parent Consequences Emotional reactions Physical symptoms Effects on behavior Prevention and Treatment Prevention: education Treatment: long-term therapy

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Factors Related to Resiliency Personal Characteristics Easy temperament Mastery orientation Warm, well-organized family life Supportive adult outside family