1. The Vulnerability of International Migrants in Rural Areas of Udon Thani and Khon Kaen,Thailand Associate Professor Sukanya Aimimtham Associate Professor Sukanya Aimimtham Khon Kaen University Thailand July 11, 2007

3. Oversea Migrant 300 samplings were explored with in-depth interview cases. 300 samplings were explored with in-depth interview cases.

4. Working on farm

5. Caused by the country’s uneven economic & social development - the country’s uneven economic & social development - rising unemployment figures - rising unemployment figures Oversea Migration in Thailand

6. History of sending workers abroad Started during the 1950s and 1960s when growing numbers of Thais went to study.Started during the 1950s and 1960s when growing numbers of Thais went to study. The 1970s and 1980s thousands of Thai’s sought employment.The 1970s and 1980s thousands of Thai’s sought employment. Most of them are from the North and the NortheastMost of them are from the North and the Northeast

7. In 1992, the estimated of Thais working abroad was close to half a million.In 1992, the estimated of Thais working abroad was close to half a million. In 1995 they are officially report to a peak of 202,300 personsIn 1995 they are officially report to a peak of 202,300 persons Laborers from the Northeast are still in the top most in terms of number.Laborers from the Northeast are still in the top most in terms of number.

8. Returnee’s interview

9. Most of them received foreign work permits through private agents Commission to work overseas and related cost was very high. Most laborers acquired loan from sources other than bank.

10. ProvinceMaleFemaleTotal Udon Thani8,7171,28610,003 Nakhon Ratchasima6,6891,0877,776 Khon Kaen4,6456305,275 Burirum4,0536064,659 Chaiyaphoum3,8155564,371 Nong Khai3,4194943,913 Sakon Nakhon2,7193843,103 Nakhon Phanom2,7712433,014 Nong Bualumphu2,2252812,506 Northeastern Thai Overseas Laborers by Province (2001).

11. Migrants’ Father and Father-in-Law

12. Province Total Khon Kaen 9,930 Chai Yaphoum 8,828 Nakhon Phanom 6,152 Nakhon Ratchasima 14,355 Burirum 9,233 Sakon Nakhon 6,828 Nong Khai 9,091 Udon Thani 21,724 Total 110,898 Number of Thailand laborers working abroad in the Northeast (The 8th highest ranking provinces)

18. Migrants’ son

22. Result Result Occupation ChangesOccupation Changes Consumption Life Style changesConsumption Life Style changes

24. Results Some of the returnees - have money to buy land - have money to buy land - become moneylenders - become moneylenders - have higher social status - have higher social status

25. The Vulnerability Worrying about familyWorrying about family Homesickness Homesickness DebtsDebts Family unhappiness, Broken FamiliesFamily unhappiness, Broken Families Unable to adapt to new environmentUnable to adapt to new environment Psychological problemsPsychological problems Low wagesLow wages

26. Conclusion

27. Enforcement Law Enforcement G to G G to G Intervention to Recruitment Process, Intervention to Recruitment Process, Job Position, Returnee Program Job Position, Returnee Program