1. Chapter 22 Notes- Human Geography of Southwest Asia
Religion, Politics, & Oil

2. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula
Islam- based on the teachings of Muhammad.
Monotheistic
Mosque- place of worship
All Muslims (followers of Islam) perform the 5 pillars.

3. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula
5 Pillars
1. Faith (Iman or Shahadah)- no God but Allah, & Muhammad is messenger of Allah
2. Prayer (Salah)- praying 5x’s per day towards Mecca
3. Charity (Zakah)- giving money to the poor.

4. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula
5 Pillars cont.-
4. Fasting (Saum)- during month of Ramadan, do not eat or drink anything between sunrise & sunset.
5. Pilgrimage (Hajj)- make pilgrimage to Mecca once during life.

5. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula
Theocratic- religious leaders control the government.
many of the governments in the region are this
Ayatollah- Muslim religious leader

6. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula
OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries-
Members set worldwide oil prices & production quotas
DON’T WRITE- Members include Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

7. Crude oil reserves (million barrels)
Which countries have the largest reserves of crude oil?
Country
Crude oil reserves (million barrels)
Saudi Arabia
262,697
Iraq
112,500
Iran
99,080
United Arab Emirates
97,800
Kuwait
96,500

8. Section 1: The Arabian Peninsula
Arabic Women-
Most cover themselves from head to toe in a burqa (Arabic covering)
Modesty & being covered is believed to be pleasing to god.

9. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean
3 major religions were all started in Southwest Asia
Judaism, Christianity, & Islam
All 3 claim Jerusalem as a holy city.

10. Section 2:The Eastern Mediterranean
Jews- Jerusalem is holiest city
Holiest site- Western Wall (Wailing Wall)
Whole area is known as the Temple Mount
DON’T WRITE
First Temple built by King Solomon then destroyed
Temple rebuilt
Second Temple destroyed by the Romans
Only piece left standing is known as the Western Wall
No Jewish temple on site since 70 A.D.

11. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean
DON’T WRITE
Christians cherish the land as the area where Jesus Christ was crucified & for the holy areas of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (where crucified) & Mount of the Olives.

12. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean
Islam claims Jerusalem as 3rd holiest city behind Mecca & Medina
Dome of the Rock- spot where Muslims believe the Prophet Muhammad rose into heaven
AKA- Haram Ash-Sharif (Temple Mount)
Next to Western Wall
Site of frequent clashes between Muslims & Jews

13. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean
Ottoman Empire- Muslim based government, started in Turkey
Lasted from (‘til end of WW1)

14. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean
Zionism- goal of the creation & support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine
DON’T WRITE
After WW1 Britain controlled Palestine

15. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean
After WW2 world sentiment favored giving the Jews a national homeland.
May 14th, 1948 Israel was established.
Immediately Attacked
DON’T WRITE- Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, & Yemen attacked.

16. Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)- formed to regain the land for Arabs
Political & Military means used

17. Section 3: The Northeast
The Kurds- ethnic group in Southwestern Asia
Stateless nation
5,000+ were gassed to death by Saddam Hussein’s army.
Saddam was executed for this

18. Section 3: The Northeast
Mesopotamia- many civilizations were started here in the “land between the rivers” (AKA The Fertile Crescent)
Sumer
Babylonia
Assyria
Chaldea
Hittites
Persia

19. Section 3: The Northeast
Two main branches of Islam
Sunni Muslim- 83% of all Muslims
Shi’ite Muslim

20. Section 3: The Northeast
Taliban- fundamentalist Muslim political group in Afghanistan

22. 1955 Afghanistan asks US for military ties, we say no
Afghanistan looks to USSR,
Pro-communist ideas were adopted into the gov. and a Communist Party was in place in Afghanistan
1955 Afghanistan asks US for military ties, we say no too far away, Afghanistan establishes ties with USSR, over the next several years pro-communist ideas were adopted into the gov. of Afghanistan a Communist Party was in place in Afghanistan

23. 1978 pro soviet groups staged a coup and installed their own puppet government
1978 pro soviet groups stage a coup and installed their own puppet government

24. Protests result from these reforms (pro-Islamic groups)
New regime announces changes such as equal rights for women, land reforms..
Protests result from these reforms (pro-Islamic groups)
New regime announces changes such as equal rights for women, land reforms.. Protests result from these reforms (pro-Islamic groups)

25. 1979 Soviets invade
1979 Soviets invade Afghanistan

26. Afghan army collapses as revolts take place all over, govt
Afghan army collapses as revolts take place all over, govt. asks for military aid from US
Afghan army collapses as revolts take place all over, govt. asks for military aid from SU

27. Resistance to Soviet occupation forms in Afghanistan & Pakistan called the mujahideen or “holy warriors”,
US CIA begins to support these rebels with arms supplied through Pakistan
Resistance to Soviet occupation forms in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The mujahideen “holy warriors” , US CIA begins to support the rebels with arms supplied through Pakistan

28. Destruction of the war

29. 10 long wasteful years of war in Afghanistan
10 long wasteless years of war in afghanistan

30. UN sponsored peace talks with Afghanistan
UN sponsored peace talks with Afghanistan. Soviet Union, Pakistan, and the US
UN sponsored peace talks with Afghanistan. SU, Pakistan, and the US

32. 1996 - various factions fight for control of the Afghan government,
Many ethnic warlords and leaders battle each other
Taliban group – take charge by bribing local warlords and making false promises
various factions fight for control of the Afghan government, many ethnic warlords and leaders battle each other, one group the Taliban – take charge by bribing local warlords and making false promises

33. Taliban forces take the capital of Kabul and about 75% of the country
make massive changes
establish a very strict form of Islamic law
Taliban forces take the capital of Kabul and about 75% of the country, make massive changes in the law, establish a very strict form of Islamic law

34. Brought major sweeping reforms, reforms against women

35. No television, music or movies No whistling or clapping No dancing
No shorts
No photography
No smoking
Men must have a beard and wear a head covering

36. Women: No jobs, must stay at home
Must wear the burqa and be with a male relative outside the house
No schooling/education
No revealing ankles/ no white socks
No treatment by male doctors
No make-up or brightly colored clothes

37. No associating with male shopkeepers No laughing loudly No high heels
No driving
No riding bicycles
No washing clothes next to a river unless a male relative is present
Windows must be painted or covered

38. Concern that US has with Afghanistan is that US believes that Osama bin Laden the mastermind behind the 9-11 attacks and Al-qaida are in Afghanistan – why we invaded in 2002
Osama bin Laden