1. Tectonic and Structural Landforms
Both endogenic
Create large-scale landforms
Tectonic
produced by deep Earth process without erosion
Structural
the result of exogenous forces acting on tectonic landforms
endogenic: produced by interior Earth forces. exogenous: weathering, gravity, water, glaciers, waves, wind

2. Everest is (largely) a tectonic landform, Lone Mt is a structural landform: Christmas tree laccolith, with weaker country rock eroded away. Equifinality.

3. Structural Landforms
Convergent tectonic forces produce fold structures
anticlines, synclines, monoclines, dome, basins
Compressive or tensional forces produce faulting
fault scarps, horsts, grabens
Faults and folds impart relief to the landscape (until erosion gets to them)

4. Structure
the attitude of a bed or stratum of beds or strata of sedimentary rocks, as indicated by the dip and strike.
the disposition of the rock formations; i.e., the broad dips, folds, faults, and unconformities at depth

5. Strike and dip
strike and dip are perpendicular. strike is the line of intersection of a horizontal plane with the geologic plane.

6. Lithology Relative erodibility Layered rocks = wide range
Sedimentary
Volcanic
Massive rocks = narrow range
Metamorphic
Intrusive igneous
Erodibility is not absolute
typically shale > limestone > sandstone ~ gneiss

8. Lithology http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/sedrocks.htm
Environment During Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

9. Lithology/Climate

10. Landforms assoc. with sedimentary rocks
Horizontal beds
plateau, mesa, table, butte
Folded beds
anticline (arches in strata), syncline (trough in strata), cuesta, hogback

11. Tablelands Plateau/mesa/butte/chimney

12. Tablelands

13. Tilted Layer Cakes Monoclinal folding Feature = f(dip angle)
beds are flexed from one level to another
Feature = f(dip angle)
Cuesta (gentle)
Hogback (steep)
Flatiron (very steep and supported)
Also f(rel. erodibility)
Drainage patterns
Parallel
Trellis

14. Landforms Associated with Sedimentary Rocks
                                                                        
Mesa
Flat-topped hill capped with hard rock
Cuesta
Gently-tilted layer of hard rock. The gentle upper slope, on top of the layer is called the dip slope
Hogback
A sharp ridge of hard rock, edge of a steeply-dipping layer

15. Monocline:
“A double flexure connecting
strata at one level
with the same strata at
another level”
G.K. Gilbert

16. Ridges Cuestas and hogbacks
Copyright © J. Michael Daniels 2002

19. Kd Jm
“Contact”
“Dip”
“Strike”
Dip
Slope
Scarp
Slope

20. Delaware MI 10 15 16
Resistant units are typically <100’ thick and dip N at 10-16°

21. Folded Rocks – Simple http://www. geog. ouc. bc
Anticline/syncline

22. Folded – still simple
Plunging
Z-folds

25. Simple folds - drainage
Contorted
Metamorphic?
Inward/outward
Radial
Centripetal
Ringlike - annular

26. Folded Rocks - Complex

27. Folded Rocks - Complex Horseshoe Hills Strong Weak “dip slope” Strong
“scarp slope”
Horseshoe Hills

28. Tuscarora sandstone
Tuscarora sandstone

29. Tuscarora sandstone Tuscarora sandstone Blunt synclinal nose STss
Sharp
anticlinal
nose
TOPOGRAPHY