1. ESCAPE Chapter 3

2. Biologically vs. Psychologically Aversive Conditions Biologically Aversive –High & low temp –Painful stimuli that can cut or bruise –Spoiled food that smells bad Psychologically Aversive –Tendency to minimize contact with biologically aversive stimuli

3. Escape A response is immediately followed by escape from “something” What are the “something’s” that a person would want to escape from?

5. What do these have in common? Electric shock Smelling a skunk (unpleasant odor) Jack hammer’s constant drilling Hot pepper sauce (painful stimuli)

6. Minimize Contact We minimize contact with those stimuli or events These conditions are aversive Escaping these conditions can strengthen the behavior that resulted in escape

7. Examples BeforeBehaviorAfter Ed receives painful shock Ed moves legEd receives no painful shock Jo smells skunkJo turns & walks away Jo smells no skunk Ed hears loud jack hammer Ed puts on protective plugs Ed hears no loud jack hammer

8. BEFOREBEHAVIOR AFTER John is hot  John stands in front of fan  John is not hot

9. BEFOREBEHAVIOR AFTER John is cold  John stands in front of heater  John is not cold

10. Aversive Condition = Negative Reinforcer

11. Aversive Condition Any stimulus, event, or condition whose termination immediately following a response increases that response

12. Harmful vs. Aversive Are all biologically harmful conditions psychologically aversive? –Is plaque on teeth aversive Are all aversive conditions harmful? –Is a hypodermic needle full of penicillin We can’t rely on our animal nature to steer us away from harmful substances

13. Adversive vs. Aversive Adversive is not a word Aversive comes from aversion (intense dislike) Dislike is not a reliable criterion for aversive conditions. Defined as aversive only if its termination reinforces an escape response.

14. Escape Principle A response becomes more likely if it has immediately removed or reduced an aversive condition in the past.

15. Escape Contingency The immediate, response-contingent removal of an aversive condition resulting in an increased frequency of that response.

16. Tree Diagram

17. Contingency Table Stimulus, event, or condition PresentRemove ReinforcerReinforcement Aversive Condition Escape

18. Inappropriate natural contingency Behavior: John spits Before: Task demands After: No task demands

19. Intervention Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) The replacement of an inappropriate response with a specific appropriate response that produces the same reinforcing outcome

20. Behavior: John spits Before: Task demands After: No task demands Inappropriate Natural Contingency

21. DRA Behavior: John spits Before: Task demands After: No task demands Behavior: John asks for break Inappropriate Natural Contingency Performance-Management Contingency

22. Spitting Graph Frequency Count

23. Functional Assessment An analysis of the contingencies responsible for behavioral problems

24. Functional-Assessment Strategies Interview. Talk to the person with the behavior problem and those who interact with and have direct contact with that person. Observe. Observe the person in his daily routine for an extended period of time. Intervene. Change contingencies that may be reinforcing the problem behavior.

25. Sick Social Cycle Often aversive behavior occurs because such behavior is reinforced by the attention, approval, or compliance of another person. In turn, the temporary relief from that aversive behavior reinforces the giving of that attention, approval, or compliance by the other person.

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27. DRA Behavior: John spits Before: 34. After: No task demands Behavior: 35. ___33._____________ Natural Contingency _36.________________ Contingency

29. Enrichment Behavior: Press Lever Before: Shock on After: Shock off

30. Psychoanalysis vs. Behavior Analysis – Which is which? 1.The consequences of past behavior cause current behavior 2.Past experience causes current behavior by channeling unconscious mental forces

31. What does the toothpaste view of abnormal behavior? How does it distract us?

32. Fundamental Terms Traditional vs. Malott