1. Respiratory System
Chapter 13

2. Upper Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract

4. Nose
Air enters the nose by passing through the external nares or nostrils
The interior of the nose consists of the nasal cavity, divided by a midline nasal septum

5. Nose Mucus lines the interior of the respiratory tract
Moistens the air
Traps incoming bacteria and other debris
Consists of water, salts, and glycoprotein (mucin)
Cilia helps move the contaminated mucus towards the pharynx (throat) to be swallowed and digested by stomach juices
Hair prevents some debris from entering the trachea

7. Nose
Cold temperatures cause cilia to become sluggish, allowing mucus to accumulate in the nasal cavity and to dribble outward through the nostrils

8. Nose
Conchae – the three uneven mucosa covered lobes that consist of the nasal cavity
Superior

9. Nose
The conchae traps and prevent inhaled particles from reaching the lungs
Blood vessels in the nasal cavity warms the surrounding air
Superior

10. Nose
Palate – the structure that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Hard palate – supported by bone
Soft palate – not supported by bone; posterior part

12. Nose Paranasal sinuses Four sinuses Lighten the skull
Act as resonance chambers (amplifies sound) for speech
Produce mucus which drains into the nasal cavities
Four sinuses
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

14. Nose
The suctioning effect created by nose blowing helps to drain the sinuses
The nasolacrimal ducts, which drain tears from the eyes, also empty into the nasal cavities

16. The Boy Who Cries Blood

17. Pharynx The pharynx (throat) is a passageway for food and air
The pharynx is divided into three regions
Nasopharynx - the passage that connects the nasal cavity to the top of the throat
Oropharynx –the part of the pharynx between the soft palate and the epiglottis
Larynopharynx –the lowest portion of the pharynx; near the larynx

19. Pharynx
Tonsils – trap and remove any bacteria or other pathogens entering the throat
Tonsillitis – a condition when tonsils become congested with bacteria and become red, swollen, and sore
Tonsil stones

20. Pharynx Three types of tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) – located high in the nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils – located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate
Lingual tonsils – located at the base of the tongue

22. Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil

23. Larynx Larynx – voice box
Thyroid cartilage – the largest of the hyaline cartilage (Adam’s apple)
One theory of “Adam’s apple”: Adam ate a piece of the forbidden fruit that got stuck in his throat

24. Larynx Epiglottis – protects the superior opening of the larynx
When food is swallowed, the larynx is pulled upward and the epiglottis blocks the larynx
Food enters the esophagus and not the larynx
Breathing stops when swallowing occurs

25. Larynx

26. Larynx
Vocal cords (or vocal folds) – part of the mucous membrane of the larynx forms a pair of folds
Glottis – the slit-like passageway between the vocal cords

27. Glottis

28. Larynx Laryngeal Video·stro·bos·co·py
Endoscopy performed with an intermittent (occurring at irregular intervals) light at a frequency that approximates the frequency of movement of the object visualized so that it appears to be motionless; useful in analyzing vocal fold structure and motion.

30. Trachea Trachea – (windpipe) Lined with cilia
The cilia propel contaminated mucus away from the lungs to the throat where it can be swallowed or spat out
The trachea is rigid because its walls are reinforced with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
The unprotected area of the trachea is adjacent to the esophagus

32. Trachea Smoking inhibits ciliary activity and destroys the cilia
Without these cilia, coughing is the only means of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs

33. Non-smoker
Smoker (10+ years)

36. Heimlich maneuver
Should ask for permission before performing on an individual…

38. Primary Bronchi
Primary bronchi – formed by the division of the trachea
The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left
The air is warm, cleansed of most impurities, and well humidified when it reaches the bronchi

39. Lungs Composition of lungs Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus
Tertiary bronchus
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Alveoli
Alveolus – air sac; gas exchange occurs here
Oxygen and carbon dioxide undergo diffusion
The exterior of alveoli are covered with capillaries

43. Lungs Right lung The right side is larger than the left side Left lung
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
The right side is larger than the left side
Left lung
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Cardiac notch - a depression where the heart sits
Apex – the narrow portion of the lung
Base – the broad portion of the lung

44. Apex
Cardiac notch
Base

45. Lungs Visceral pleura – the membrane that lies against the lungs
Parietal pleura – the membrane that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
The membranes secrete pleural fluid which reduces friction of the lungs and the thorax wall during breathing

47. Mechanics of Breathing
Ventilation
Mechanical process of pulling air in and out using muscles and pressure
Respiration
Chemical inflation & deflation of lungs and cellular respiration in each cell

48. Mechanics of Breathing
Inspiration (or inhalation) – air flows into the lungs
The diaphragm contracts (moves down) allowing air to enter the lungs
Expiration (or exhalation) – air leaves the lungs
The diaphragm relaxes (moves up) forcing air out of the lungs