1. Meninges and CSF
Dr. K. Sivapalan

2. Meninges Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
Dura- single and tough layer of fibrous tissue fused with inner periosteum except in few areas.
Arachnoid- fibrocellular tissue. Outer most cells are bonded to each other by tight junctions.
Subarachnoid space- arachnoid trabeculae cross the space to reach the pia. [CSF]
Pia- invests the nervous tissue closely lining the outer surface. It and the sub-pial space follow into the tissue with blood vessols.
Meningies and CSF

3. Cranial Dura
The dura is seperated from periosteum only where is is reflected interiorly.
In such places, the intervening space contains venous sinuses.
Falx cerebri- it occupies the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres.
Tentorium cerebelli- it arches like a tent above the posterior cranial fossa between the cerebellum and the cerebrum, lifted by the falx cerebri in the midline
Meningies and CSF

4. Spinal Meninges
Spinal dura is attached to brim of the foramen magneum reaching down to S2 vertibra.
It is attached to the posterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebra in the midline.
Else where it is surrounded by adipose tissue containing internal vertebral plexus of veins.
The dura is pierced by the nerve roots in each segment. The dura follows the nerve root up to the intervertibral foramen.
Meningies and CSF

5. Sheath of the Optic Nerve
The optic nerve is extension of the CNS.
The meningeal covering extends up to the eye around the optic nerve.
Meningies and CSF

6. Tentorium Cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli is attached to the inner of the occipital bone, along the upper border of the petrous temporal bone, to the posterior clenoid process of the sphenoid bone.
The free margin is U shaped and the mid brain passes through the concavity.
The two limbs projecting forwards are linked by a sheet of dura, diapharagma sellae which covers the pituitary fossae.
Meningies and CSF

7. Innervation of Cranial Dura
Dura of the supra tentorial compartment is innervated by sensory fibers from trigerminal nerve.
Injury or inflamation of supra tentorial meningies give rise to frontal or parietal head ache.
Dura of the infra tentorial compartment is supplied by upper cervical spinal nerves.
Injury or inflamation of meninges here gives rise to occipital or neck pain and spasm of neck muscles [neck stiffness in meningitis]
Meningies and CSF

8. Subarachnoid Cisterns
Areas of subarachnoid space which contains pools of CSF are the cisterns.
Cisterna magna is the largest between Medulla and the cerebellum.
Cisterna ambiens is on either side of the mid brain.
Cisterna pontis is ventral to the pons.
Inter peduncular cistern is in front of the pons between the cerebral peduncles.
Meningies and CSF

9. Choroid Plexuses Choroid plexus is found in the 4 ventricles.
Tela choroidea is the double layered fold of pia above the thalami with plexus of vessels forming choroid plexus in two rows in either side.
The middle two are in the roof of the third ventricle and the lateral ones in the floor of the lateral ventricles.
Similar choroid plexus is found in the roof of the fourth ventricle.
Meningies and CSF

10. CSF and ECF in Brain
CSF volume is about 150 ml, production is 550 ml/day, % secreted by choroid plexus and the rest by vessels in the walls of the ventricles.
The composition is the same as the ECF in the brain which is 15 % of the brain volume.
The pia is freely permiable to CSF and there is free communication and diffusion of substances between the CSF and the ECF.
Meningies and CSF

11. Composition Substance CSF Plasma Na+ [meq/L] 147 150 K+ [meq/L] 2.9
4.6
Ca++ [meq/L]
2.3
4.7
Mg++ [meq/L]
2.2
1.6
Cl- [meq/L]
113.0
99.0
HCO3- [meq/L]
25.1
24.8
Osmolality [mosm/L]
289.0
Protein [mg/dl]
20.0
6000
Glucose [mg/dl]
64.0
100.0
Cholesterol
0.2
175
Meningies and CSF

12. Circulation of CSF
CSF enters the third ventricle through the inter ventricular foramen.
It descends to the fourth ventricle through the aqueduct.
It enters the subarachnoid space through median and lateral apertures in the roof of the fourth ventricle.
Flow in the central canal of the spinal cord is negligible
Some CSF descends through foramen magnum reaching the lumbar cistern in 12 hours.
Small amount is absorbed into the spinal veins but most returns to subarachnoid space in cranium.
It ascends further through the tentorial notch and around the cerebrum.
Finally it is absorbed into the venous sinuses.
Meningies and CSF

13. Function of the CSF
The weight of brain in air is 1400 g but in the “water bath” of CSF, it is 50 g.
The brain is attached and held in position by arachnoid trabaculae, blood vessels and nerve roots. Weight reduction by CSF helps the flimsy attachments to hold the brain.
Removal of CSF can cause sever pain because the brain hangs on the vessols.
The brain is protected from the trauma of head injuries by the CSF and meninges.
Meningies and CSF

14. Re-absorption of CSF
CSF is returned to the blood mainly through arachnoid granulations found in the superior sagital sinus and small venous lacunae that open into it.
Arachnoid granulations are pin head pouches of arachnoid matter projecting through the dural wall.
Normal lumbar CSF presure is mm CSF [average- 112].
Secretion and absorption are equal at normal pressure.
Absorption stops below 68 mm CSF.
Meningies and CSF

15. Abnormalities of CSF
When circulation is blocked CSF pressure increases proximal to the obstruction.
Block of foramina in the fourth ventricle or failure of absorption results in hydrocephalus.
Abnormalities in composition signifies the type of disease of the meninges.
Entricle results in internal hydrocephalus
Meningies and CSF