1. Chapter 14 Child, Teen, and Older Adult
Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney

2. Learning Objectives
Discuss how a toddler’s nutritional needs differ from an adult’s needs.
Distinguish among a food allergy, food intolerance, and food aversion, and describe how they can impact the diet.
Explain ways in which a teenager’s choice of soda over milk or soy milk may jeopardize nutritional health.

3. Learning Objectives
Discuss the importance of physical activity in the later years.
Outline food-related factors that can predict malnutrition in older adults.
Design a healthy meal plan for an elderly widower with a fixed income.
Describe several specific drug-nutrient interactions and name some herbs that may interfere with medication.

4. Feeding a Healthy Young Child
Rapid changes during second year
Dietary changes
Growth
Body composition
Appetite regulation
Fluctuation of appetite
Regulation of treats

5. Composition of Weight Gain, Infants and Toddlers

6. Feeding a Healthy Young Child
Energy
Needs vary widely
Growth and physical activity
Vegan diets
Protein
Needs

7. Feeding a Healthy Young Child
Carbohydrate and fiber
Glucose use by the brain
Fiber recommendations
Fat and fatty acids
DRI recommendations
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamin D
Iron

8. MyPyramid for Preschoolers and for Kids

9. Mealtimes and Snacking
Formative childhood years
Implications for adulthood
Current U.S. children’s food intakes
Fruits and vegetables
Vitamins and minerals
Children’s preferences
Flavors and temperatures
Bribing

10. Mealtimes and Snacking
Treats vs. dinner
Problems with a lot of treats
Fear of new foods
Food neophobia
Child preferences vs. parental authority
Messages
Environment
What, how much, and whether

11. Mealtimes and Snacking
Teach how to snack
Restaurant choices
To make better choices…
Choking
Food skills
Food preparation
Pride and positive feelings

12. Nutrient Deficiencies and a Child’s Brain
Physical and behavioral symptoms
Iron deficiency
Intellectual performance
Key problem among U.S. children
Iron toxicity
Supplements

13. The Problem of Lead High concentration levels Sources Absorption rates
Mental, behavioral, and other health problems
Sources
Absorption rates

14. The Problem of Lead Harm from lead Lead builds up silently in the body
Effects may not be reversible
Academic skills
Hearing impairment
Other health effects
Death

15. The Problem of Lead Lead and nutrient interactions
Malnutrition and lead poisoning
Calcium, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D, or iron
Modifications in U.S. environment
Decline in average blood level concentrations

16. Food Allergy, Intolerance, and Aversion
Prevalence
Adults and children
Immune response to antigen
Antibodies and histamine
Anaphylactic shock
Epinephrine

17. Food Allergy, Intolerance, and Aversion
Allergen ingestion
Food labels
Cross-contamination
Eight common culprits requiring labels

18. Food Allergy, Intolerance, and Aversion
Detecting an allergy
Components
Reaction time
Food intolerance
No immune response
Food aversion
Intense dislike for food
Biological and psychological response

19. Diet and Hyperactivity
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Prevalence
Characteristics
Impacts on child
ADHD and food allergies
Sugar and behavior
Inconsistent care and poverty

20. Physical Activity, Television, and Children’s Nutrition Problems
Activity of U.S. children has declined
Recommended maximum ‘screen time’
Television and nutrients
Low energy requirements
Consumption of play time
Between-meal snacking
Fruit and vegetable consumption

21. Dental Caries Prevalence rate in U.S. Fluoridation of drinking water
Half of all people by age 2
Fluoridation of drinking water
Development of dental caries
Dental disease
Food and caries

22. The Caries Potential of Foods

23. Importance of Breakfast
Supports growth and development
Cannot ‘make up’ for losses
Detriments of not eating breakfast
U.S. government breakfast program
Benefits of these meals

24. How Nourishing Are the Meals Served at School?
National programs
USDA-regulated meals
Benefits of consuming meals from these programs
Mandates for districts
Local wellness policy
Implementation
Competitive foods

25. Nutrition in Adolescence
Teenager food choices
Primary influences
Consuming meals with family
The adolescent growth spurt
Girls vs. boys
Energy needs and physical activity
Wide variations
Weight status and body fatness

26. Nutrient Needs Needs are great Vitamins and minerals
Iron
Calcium
Vitamin D
Energy-yielding nutrients

27. Growth of Long Bones

28. Soft Drink and Milk Consumption

29. Common Concerns Menstruation Acne Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Nutrition: energy metabolism, vitamin D, vitamin B6, and calcium
Acne
Factors influencing development
False beliefs

30. Eating Patterns and Nutrient Intakes
During adolescence, food habits change for the worse
Common nutritional behaviors
Role of adults
Gatekeeper
Set example
Teachable moments
Snacks

31. The Later Years Characteristics of those who reach an old age
Life expectancy
The ‘graying’ of America
Health-related behaviors
Genetics
Life span

32. Nutrition in the Later Years
Needs become more individual with age
Energy recommendations
Often decrease with age
Recommendations
Dwindles
Body mass index
Physical activity
Resistance training

33. Nutrition in the Later Years
Protein needs
DRI recommendations
Sources
Carbohydrates and fiber
Benefits of adequate fiber in one’s diet
Fruits and vegetables – soluble fiber

34. Nutrition in the Later Years
Fats and arthritis
Types of fats consumed
Osteoarthritis
Associated with being overweight
Rheumatoid arthritis
Immune system malfunction
Supplements

35. Nutrition in the Later Years
Vitamin needs
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Changes in synthesis
Vitamin B12
Other vitamins and phytochemicals
Vitamin E
Carotenoids
Vitamin C

36. Nutrition in the Later Years
Water and minerals
Water
Senile dementia and pressure ulcers
Iron
Deficiency
Zinc
Immune function and appetite
Calcium
Supplements

37. Can Nutrition Help People to Live Longer?
Factors affecting physiological age
Alcohol use
Nutritious meals
Weight control
Sleep
Smoking
Physical activity

38. Health Concerns and Aging
Immunity and inflammation
Chronic diseases
Nutrient deficiencies, sedentary lifestyle, malnutrition, and antibiotics
Free-radical hypothesis
Alzheimer’s disease
Genetics
Characteristics
Nutritional links

39. Food Choices of Older Adults
Obstacles to adequacy
Living situation
Medications and alcohol
Programs that help
SNAP
Meals on Wheels

40. Single Survival and Nutrition on the Run
Household food budget
Restaurant foods
Disadvantages
Ways to improve these meals
Grocery store know-how
Food-preparation tips
Dealing with loneliness

41. Nutrient-Drug Interactions: Who Should Be Concerned?
Controversy 14

42. Medicines and Nutrition
Unintended consequences
Prescription
Over-the-counter (OTC)
Ways drugs interact with nutrients
Those at greatest risk for nutrient-drug interactions

43. Ways That Foods, Drugs, and Herbs Can Interact

44. Medicines and Nutrition
The elderly
Average prescriptions per year
Number consumed at one time
Alteration of body’s drug metabolism and excretion
Herbs
Interactions can be dangerous

45. Medicines and Nutrition
Absorption of drugs and nutrients
Interactions
Stomach acid
Absorption
Metabolic interactions and nutrient excretion
Nutrient losses

46. Medicines and Nutrition
Oral contraceptives
Vitamins with reduced status
Heart disease risk factors
Caffeine
Interactions are subtle
Withdrawal
Stimulant
Health effects

47. Medicines and Nutrition
Tobacco
Health effects
Depresses hunger and body fatness
Changes nutrient status
Intakes differ from nonsmokers
Illicit drugs
Marijuana
Relationship of drug cravings and nutritious foods