1. Democracies in the 1920’s

2. Fear of Communism 1919 fear of Bolshevism spread Red Scare Communists took over Berlin for a week

3. Weimar Republic Social Democratic Party (S.P.D) took control of German government Nov. 1918 Kaiser abdicates SPD proclaims a Republic, afraid of Communism

4. Weimar Republic Threats from the Left (Communism) – Lack of exposure to democracy – Relied on conservative groups to maintain order – Military supported government in return for getting rid of Bolsheviks – Weimar gov’t became a prisoner of the German Army

5. Weimar Republic Freikorps – Anti-communist repression – Right wing paramilitary group Spartacists – Communists – Rosa Luxemburg – killed – Anti-communist repression – Right wing paramilitary group

6. The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory Disgruntled German WWI veterans

7. German “Revolutions” [1918]

8. German Freikorps

9. Sparticist Poster

10. The Spartacist League Rosa Luxemburg [1870-1919] murdered by the Freikorps

11. Weimar Republic January 1919 election – Center-left coalition – S.P.D had most seats – Shared with Center Party and German Democratic Party – German capital to Weimar

12. Weimar Republic Treaty of Versailles – Dictated peace – Article 231 – Reparations – Alsace & Lorraine to France – Lost territory to Poland – France occupied Rhineland, demilitarized

13. Weimar Republic France wanted to punish Germany Secure its borders Britain believed a healthy German economy was tied to a healthy British economy “Stab in the Back” John Maynard Keynes – Criticized Versailles Treaty

14. Weimar Republic New Constitution – Reichstag – Universal suffrage – Chancellor & President

15. Friedrich Ebert: First President of the Weimar Republic

16. Weimar Republic Ruhr Crisis 1923 – French occupy Ruhr, take over factories, passive resistance by workers – Poincare – Runaway inflation – Social revolution – Middle class resentment, blamed gov’t, big business, Jews, workers, communists

17. The German Mark

19. The French in the Ruhr: 1923

20. Weimar Republic Beer Hall Putsch, 1923 – Hitler, Nazi, arrested, jail, Mein Kampf Gustav Stresemann, 1923 Called off passive resistance Locarno Pact

21. The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923

22. Hitler in Landesberg Prison

23. Mein Kampf [My Struggle]

24. Weimar Republic Dawes Plan, 1924 Young Plan, 1929

25. European Debts to the United States

26. The Dawes Plan (1924)

27. The Young Plan (1930) For three generations, you’ll have to slave away! $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years. For three generations, you’ll have to slave away! $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.

28. Weimar Germany: Political Representation [1920-1933] Political Parties in the Reichstag May 1924 Dec. 1924 May 1928 Sep. 1930 July 1932 Nov. 1932 Mar. 1933 Communist Party (KPD) 624554778910081 Social Democratic Party (SDP) 100131153143133121120 Catholic Centre Party (BVP) 81887887979093 Nationalist Party (DNVP) 9510373413752 Nazi Party (NSDAP) 321412107230196288 Other Parties 102112121122223523

29. France Multi party system, had to form coalitions, too much compromise Economic chaos Conservatives (right) dominated government – Supported the status quo, business, army and the church backed them – Raymond Poincare Slashed spending, raised taxes

30. Edouard Herriot & the French Socialists  1924-1926.  Progressive social reform.  Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.  Committed to private enterprise and private property.  Fervently anti-clerical.  1924-1926.  Progressive social reform.  Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.  Committed to private enterprise and private property.  Fervently anti-clerical.

31. Great Britain Social equality Unemployment 12% 1926 General Strike Labour Party wins 1924 and 1929, Ramsey MacDonald Conservatives win between 1924-1929 – Compromised, kept social welfare

32. 1926 General Strike Trades Disputes Act (1927):  All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.  It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes. Trades Disputes Act (1927):  All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.  It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes.

33. Ramsay MacDonald: 1924, 1929 Labour Party

34. Stanley Baldwin Conservative Party

35. Collective Security League of Nations Locarno Pact, 1925 League of Nations, 1926 Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 Maginot Line Washington Naval Conference

36. League of Nations Members

37. Locarno Pact: 1925 Gustave Stresemann (Ger.) Aristide Briand (Fr.) Austin Chamberlain (Br.)  Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.  Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.  Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.  Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

38. Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928  15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.  Problem  no way of enforcement.  15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.  Problem  no way of enforcement.

39. The Maginot Line

40. Washington Naval Conference [1921-1922] U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67

41. Great Depression Causes – Weak international economy – Overproduction – Unstable banking – Certain weak industries – ½ of Americans living below poverty – STOCK MARKET CRASH – Hawley Smoot Tariff and retaliation – New York Banks recall loans

42. Great Depression Impact on Europe – Shattered optimism in political leaders – Production declined, except USSR – Unemployment Germany 43% Britain 18% U.S. 25%

43. Great Depression Attempted Remedies New Deal, USA Scandinavia, most successful Britain: off gold standard, increase tariffs, cut spending, 1932 was better than in 1920’s, not completely out until WWII

44. Great Depression France – Radical right increased, supported fascists – Popular Front, Leon Blum – French New Deal – France divided on what to do in Spanish Civil War destroyed Popular Front – Politically divided into the 1930’s