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CHAPTER 8-PART II: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY State Cooperation and Terrorism.

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Presentation on theme: "CHAPTER 8-PART II: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY State Cooperation and Terrorism."— Presentation transcript:

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2 CHAPTER 8-PART II: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY State Cooperation and Terrorism

3 Supranationalism  Supranationalism is political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among national states to promote common objectives  Examples:  European Union  United Nations  NAFTA  African Union (AU)  Organization of American States (OAS)  Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)  South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)  Arab League

4 Political and Military Cooperation  The United Nations was created to prevent the likelihood of a third World War  It was created at the end of WWII by the Allies  In 1945 there were 45 members, by 2011 there were 193 (South Sudan was the last to be added)  The UN replaced the failed League of Nations that was created after WWI

5 The United Nations  The UN has had three major expansionary periods  1955- 16 countries were added –mostly European countries that had been liberated from Nazi Germany  1960- 17 new members added –mostly former British and French colonies in Africa  1990-1993- 26 countries were added—mostly from the breakup of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia

6 continued  UN members can vote to send a peacekeeping force into unstable areas  Member countries send troops to make up the force  China, Russia, France, the UK, and the US (permanent members of the UN Security Council) have the power to veto a peacekeeping force Happened often during the Cold War

7 Era of Two Superpowers and Regional Military Alliances  In addition to the UN, many states also joined regional military alliances after WWII  During the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union were the World’s two superpowers  Before this time, there were usually multiple powerful states, none of which could dominate on their own, so major states joined together for temporary alliances  Balance of power- condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries

8 continued  After WWII, the US and Soviet Union were the only powers left that were not battered to the point of losing there power status  During the Cold War, the world was split into allies of the US and allies of the Soviet Union  Both superpowers created military bases in ally countries around the world  Therefore, they could maintain strength in regions not near their own territory

9 Military Cooperation in Europe  2 military alliances were formed in Europe after WWII –NATO and the Warsaw Pact  The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was a military pact between the US, Canada, and 14 democratic European States  The Warsaw Pact was a military agreement among 7 Communist countries in Eastern Europe  After the Cold War, the Warsaw Pact disbanded and most of its former members joined NATO  Which offers its members a sense of security against Russian threats in the future

10 Other Regional Organizations  The Organization of American States (OAS) includes all 35 states in the W. Hemisphere  Cuba has been suspended since 1962  Promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links b/w member states  The African Union (AU) was created in 2001 and has 53 members  Tries to promote economic integration in Africa

11 Economic Cooperation  The need for a bipolar balance of power ended when the Soviet Union disbanded in 1992  We are now back to having more than 2 major powers—like before WWII, but with 2 diff. 1. Economic power becoming more important than military power—allows Japan and Germany to be considered powers 2. The leading power is not a single state, but an economic union in Europe led by Germany

12 European Union  Predecessor was established in 1958 with 6 members  Originally designed to help Europe’s WWII scars heal  Expanded to 12 countries in the 1980’s and now has 27 members with 2 more wanting to join (Croatia and Turkey)  Wants to promote development through economic cooperation  Removes barriers to free trade– goods and services and people can travel throughout the Union without stopping  Created a common currency (the Euro)  Has become the World’s wealthiest market

13 NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement.  The participants are the United States of America, Canada and Mexico.  NAFTA was implemented on January 1, 1994 and its main objective was to achieve open borders among the three countries for trade in both goods and services by January 1, 2004.  In theory, NAFTA should benefit all three countries because it will lead to international specialization, increase in trade and economic growth.

14 Terrorism  Def- the systematic use of violence by a group to intimidate a population or coerce a gov. into granting its demands  Terrorism attacks usually target ordinary people rather than military or political leaders

15 Al-Qaeda  Terror network founded by Osama bin Laden  Justifies attacks based on their interpretation of Islam  Believed to be living in Afghanistan since 1994  Issued a declaration of war against the US because of its support for Saudi Arabia and Israel  Al-Qaeda means “the foundation”  Created around 1990 to unite jihad fighters around the world—est. 20,000 members in 34 countries

16 continued  Network consists of a large number of autonomous cells who have little contact with other cells and other members of their own  Not all Muslims agree with the terror tactics of Al- Qaeda  Americans and Europeans have the challenge of distinguishing b/w peaceful Muslims and the handful of terrorists out of the 1.3 billion Muslims in the World

17 16 Children as fighters & victims Child enlisted to fight in Afghanistan Catholics run for cover in Northern Ireland

18 State Support of Terrorism  Several Middle Eastern states have provided support for terrorists—3 types 1. Providing sanctuary 2. Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence 3. Planning attacks using terrorists  Libya, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran have all been accused by the US of supporting terrorism

19 Libya  1986- bombing of a night club popular with US service men in Berlin  Bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988  Bombing of UTA flight 772 over Niger in 1989  After 8 years of UN trade sanctions, Colonel Muammar el-Qaddafi turned over flight 103 suspects and agreed to compensate survivors of the victims

20 Afghanistan  After civil war began in 1973, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979 after fundamentalist Muslims rebelled against pro-Soviet govt. Soviet govt. in Afghanistan collapsed in 1992  Taliban (strict Islamic Fundamentalists) in control by 1995  Sheltered Osama bin Laden and other terrorists after the attack on the World Trade Center in NY  U.S. invaded in 2001 and Taliban was expelled but when the U.S. goes to Iraq in 2003, the Taliban resumed control

21 Iraq  1981-Israel destroyed a Baghdad nuclear reactor  1988-Hussein killed 5000 Iraqi Kurds by gas  1990-Iraq invaded Kuwait b/c Hussein claimed Kuwait was part of Iraq  1991-Gulf War  US claimed Iraq was supporting terrorism and creating weapons of mass destruction  U.S. invaded in 2003 and deposed longtime ruler Saddam Hussein while most of the world disapproved

22 Iran  Hostility with the US began in 1979 when a revolution removed pro-US leader from office and placed the Ayatollah Khomeini as ruler  In Nov. of 1979, 62 Americans at the US embassy were kidnapped and held hostage until Jan. of 1981  US has accused Iran of harboring terrorists and of trying to develop nuclear weapons

23 Pakistan  Pakistan has a mountainous region on the border with Afghanistan  It has been known to harbor terrorists (like Osama Bin Laden)

24 23 Facing new weapons of terror  Anthrax  Bubonic plague?  Smallpox?  Threats to major bridges?  Threats to nuclear power plants?  Threats to food supply?  Threats of “suitcase” atomic weapons?


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