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CHAPTER 8-PART II: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY State Cooperation and Terrorism
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Supranationalism Supranationalism is political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among national states to promote common objectives Examples: European Union United Nations NAFTA African Union (AU) Organization of American States (OAS) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Arab League
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Political and Military Cooperation The United Nations was created to prevent the likelihood of a third World War It was created at the end of WWII by the Allies In 1945 there were 45 members, by 2011 there were 193 (South Sudan was the last to be added) The UN replaced the failed League of Nations that was created after WWI
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The United Nations The UN has had three major expansionary periods 1955- 16 countries were added –mostly European countries that had been liberated from Nazi Germany 1960- 17 new members added –mostly former British and French colonies in Africa 1990-1993- 26 countries were added—mostly from the breakup of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia
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continued UN members can vote to send a peacekeeping force into unstable areas Member countries send troops to make up the force China, Russia, France, the UK, and the US (permanent members of the UN Security Council) have the power to veto a peacekeeping force Happened often during the Cold War
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Era of Two Superpowers and Regional Military Alliances In addition to the UN, many states also joined regional military alliances after WWII During the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union were the World’s two superpowers Before this time, there were usually multiple powerful states, none of which could dominate on their own, so major states joined together for temporary alliances Balance of power- condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries
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continued After WWII, the US and Soviet Union were the only powers left that were not battered to the point of losing there power status During the Cold War, the world was split into allies of the US and allies of the Soviet Union Both superpowers created military bases in ally countries around the world Therefore, they could maintain strength in regions not near their own territory
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Military Cooperation in Europe 2 military alliances were formed in Europe after WWII –NATO and the Warsaw Pact The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was a military pact between the US, Canada, and 14 democratic European States The Warsaw Pact was a military agreement among 7 Communist countries in Eastern Europe After the Cold War, the Warsaw Pact disbanded and most of its former members joined NATO Which offers its members a sense of security against Russian threats in the future
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Other Regional Organizations The Organization of American States (OAS) includes all 35 states in the W. Hemisphere Cuba has been suspended since 1962 Promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links b/w member states The African Union (AU) was created in 2001 and has 53 members Tries to promote economic integration in Africa
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Economic Cooperation The need for a bipolar balance of power ended when the Soviet Union disbanded in 1992 We are now back to having more than 2 major powers—like before WWII, but with 2 diff. 1. Economic power becoming more important than military power—allows Japan and Germany to be considered powers 2. The leading power is not a single state, but an economic union in Europe led by Germany
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European Union Predecessor was established in 1958 with 6 members Originally designed to help Europe’s WWII scars heal Expanded to 12 countries in the 1980’s and now has 27 members with 2 more wanting to join (Croatia and Turkey) Wants to promote development through economic cooperation Removes barriers to free trade– goods and services and people can travel throughout the Union without stopping Created a common currency (the Euro) Has become the World’s wealthiest market
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NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement. The participants are the United States of America, Canada and Mexico. NAFTA was implemented on January 1, 1994 and its main objective was to achieve open borders among the three countries for trade in both goods and services by January 1, 2004. In theory, NAFTA should benefit all three countries because it will lead to international specialization, increase in trade and economic growth.
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Terrorism Def- the systematic use of violence by a group to intimidate a population or coerce a gov. into granting its demands Terrorism attacks usually target ordinary people rather than military or political leaders
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Al-Qaeda Terror network founded by Osama bin Laden Justifies attacks based on their interpretation of Islam Believed to be living in Afghanistan since 1994 Issued a declaration of war against the US because of its support for Saudi Arabia and Israel Al-Qaeda means “the foundation” Created around 1990 to unite jihad fighters around the world—est. 20,000 members in 34 countries
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continued Network consists of a large number of autonomous cells who have little contact with other cells and other members of their own Not all Muslims agree with the terror tactics of Al- Qaeda Americans and Europeans have the challenge of distinguishing b/w peaceful Muslims and the handful of terrorists out of the 1.3 billion Muslims in the World
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16 Children as fighters & victims Child enlisted to fight in Afghanistan Catholics run for cover in Northern Ireland
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State Support of Terrorism Several Middle Eastern states have provided support for terrorists—3 types 1. Providing sanctuary 2. Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence 3. Planning attacks using terrorists Libya, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran have all been accused by the US of supporting terrorism
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Libya 1986- bombing of a night club popular with US service men in Berlin Bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988 Bombing of UTA flight 772 over Niger in 1989 After 8 years of UN trade sanctions, Colonel Muammar el-Qaddafi turned over flight 103 suspects and agreed to compensate survivors of the victims
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Afghanistan After civil war began in 1973, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979 after fundamentalist Muslims rebelled against pro-Soviet govt. Soviet govt. in Afghanistan collapsed in 1992 Taliban (strict Islamic Fundamentalists) in control by 1995 Sheltered Osama bin Laden and other terrorists after the attack on the World Trade Center in NY U.S. invaded in 2001 and Taliban was expelled but when the U.S. goes to Iraq in 2003, the Taliban resumed control
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Iraq 1981-Israel destroyed a Baghdad nuclear reactor 1988-Hussein killed 5000 Iraqi Kurds by gas 1990-Iraq invaded Kuwait b/c Hussein claimed Kuwait was part of Iraq 1991-Gulf War US claimed Iraq was supporting terrorism and creating weapons of mass destruction U.S. invaded in 2003 and deposed longtime ruler Saddam Hussein while most of the world disapproved
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Iran Hostility with the US began in 1979 when a revolution removed pro-US leader from office and placed the Ayatollah Khomeini as ruler In Nov. of 1979, 62 Americans at the US embassy were kidnapped and held hostage until Jan. of 1981 US has accused Iran of harboring terrorists and of trying to develop nuclear weapons
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Pakistan Pakistan has a mountainous region on the border with Afghanistan It has been known to harbor terrorists (like Osama Bin Laden)
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23 Facing new weapons of terror Anthrax Bubonic plague? Smallpox? Threats to major bridges? Threats to nuclear power plants? Threats to food supply? Threats of “suitcase” atomic weapons?
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