1. Overview of Development Assistance Antonio Tujan Jr

2. Aid and the right to development Post-war context and national struggles for independence and liberation Post-war context and national struggles for independence and liberation Post-war reconstruction and war reparations Post-war reconstruction and war reparations Right to independence and development Right to independence and development International community responsibility for peace and development, end disease, famine and war International community responsibility for peace and development, end disease, famine and war

3. Development cooperation and aid Based on common goals to end famine, disease and poverty and against war Based on common goals to end famine, disease and poverty and against war Based on common principles of equality, mutual cooperation, and benefit Based on common principles of equality, mutual cooperation, and benefit Based on shared values and goals of cooperating parties Based on shared values and goals of cooperating parties Covers a wide range of activities Covers a wide range of activities

4. Official Development Aid To compensate for temporary or consistent lack of resources for development To compensate for temporary or consistent lack of resources for development Different from humanitarian aid, military aid Different from humanitarian aid, military aid Material, services or financial form Material, services or financial form Loans or grants? Loans or grants?

5. Development Cooperation and Aid Development cooperation and ODA as essential contribution to support poverty reduction and development Development cooperation and ODA as essential contribution to support poverty reduction and development UN resolution 2626 of October 1970 to increase aid to 0.7% of GNP by mid 70s UN resolution 2626 of October 1970 to increase aid to 0.7% of GNP by mid 70s Monterrey commitments Monterrey commitments MDG and Millennium Declaration MDG and Millennium Declaration Aid quantities remain seriously deficient Aid quantities remain seriously deficient

6. DAC members' net ODA 1990-2005 and DAC Secretariat simulations of net ODA to 2006 and 2010

7. Components of net DAC ODA, 2000-2005

8. Development Aid and Debt Grants are preferred form of financial assistance Grants are preferred form of financial assistance Grants are essential in context of antipoverty Grants are essential in context of antipoverty Loans as forms economic cooperation Loans as forms economic cooperation The issue of compounded interest The issue of compounded interest

9. Neocolonial debt crisis To finance BOP deficits due to neocolonial trade and investment To finance BOP deficits due to neocolonial trade and investment To finance misprioritized development loans To finance misprioritized development loans Compounded interest Compounded interest Neocolonial debt crisis and new loans for refinancing/debt service Neocolonial debt crisis and new loans for refinancing/debt service

10. Debt crisis and development finance Debt crisis as counterforce in destroying development in general and for highly indebted countries Debt crisis as counterforce in destroying development in general and for highly indebted countries Debt crisis as determining factor in development finance strategies and management Debt crisis as determining factor in development finance strategies and management Debt cancellation as essential strategy accompanying increasing aid and reforming aid effectiveness Debt cancellation as essential strategy accompanying increasing aid and reforming aid effectiveness

11. Aid relationship Is aid achieving development? Only 32% of aid is available to recipient countries in 2004, from 39% in 2000 Problem? The bulk goes to donor-directed technical cooperation, refugees in donor countries, foreign student costs in donor countries, the cost of tied aid, emergency relief and administration costs

12. Development strategy and implementation Is aid reducing poverty and achieving development? Development strategies and program effectiveness Development strategies and program effectiveness –Human rights based and empowered development Aid management and delivery Aid management and delivery –Free for all competition, weak country ownership, transaction costs and duplications, etc.

13. Tied Aid Estimates that reduced aid tying to only 9% in 2004 from 41% in 1990 Estimates that reduced aid tying to only 9% in 2004 from 41% in 1990 But figures do not reflect US which is estimated at 72% But figures do not reflect US which is estimated at 72% Tying aid to foreign consultants ensures results plus employment of donor staff Tying aid to foreign consultants ensures results plus employment of donor staff Tying aid to donor country supplies – a system of export, subsidizing donor country production Tying aid to donor country supplies – a system of export, subsidizing donor country production Impact of tied aid Impact of tied aid

14. Conditionality Conditionality is contrary to ownership Conditionality is contrary to ownership Conditionality is contrary to human rights and sovereignty of people Conditionality is contrary to human rights and sovereignty of people Distinguish fiduciary responsibilities and policy conditionality Distinguish fiduciary responsibilities and policy conditionality Benchmarking as another form of conditionality Benchmarking as another form of conditionality Common cso position on removal of conditionalities Common cso position on removal of conditionalities

15. Structural Adjustment Conditionality Promotion of neoliberal strategies in 1970s Promotion of neoliberal strategies in 1970s –Monetarism –Export promotion from import substitution model Washington consensus Washington consensus –Financial prescriptions –Neoliberal policy prescriptions Post Washington consensus Post Washington consensus –PRSP, PRGF, PSI –Consultation –governance

16. Redefining ownership Country ownership and not government only Country ownership and not government only Implies accountability of government to citizens Implies accountability of government to citizens Ownership means leadership of government in aid partnership Ownership means leadership of government in aid partnership Capacity building for ownership Capacity building for ownership

17. Accountability Accountability mechanisms Accountability mechanisms Peoples participation as key element Peoples participation as key element transparency transparency

18. Development finance and ODA Advocacy Debt repudiation and cancellation Debt repudiation and cancellation ODA policy to increase aid ODA policy to increase aid –Monterrey commitments –Millennium Development Goals ODA reform or effectiveness ODA reform or effectiveness –Development effectiveness –Aid effectiveness –Paris Declaration

19. Development finance and ODA Advocacy OECD aid effectiveness process to Ghana 08 HLF III OECD aid effectiveness process to Ghana 08 HLF III UN Monterrey process (Doha meeting) UN Monterrey process (Doha meeting) UN MDGs process UN MDGs process UN Development effectiveness forum UN Development effectiveness forum