1. Unit II Classical Civilizations Early African Cultures/ Traditional Society/ Bantu Migrations

3. Migration Migration - A permanent move from one country or region to another Push-Pull Factors Push-Pull Factors - Factors that either push or pull people out of an area or pull them into an area.

4. Causes of Migration Environmental Economic Political

5. Causes of Migration Environmental Positive (Pull)Negative (Push) Climate changes Exhausted resources Earthquakes Volcanoes Drought/famine Abundant land New resources Good climate

6. Causes of Migration Economic Positive (Pull)Negative (Push) Unemployment Slavery Employment opportunities

7. Causes of Migration Political Positive (Pull)Negative (Push) Religious, ethnic, or political persecution, war Political and/or religious freedom

8. Effects of Migration Redistribution of the population may change population density. Cultural blending of languages or ways of life may occur. Ideas and technologies may be shared. People’s quality of life may be improved as a result of moving.

9. Effects of Migration Clashes between groups may create unrest, persecution, or even war. Environmental conditions may change, causing famine or depleted natural resources. Employment opportunities may dry up, creating unemployment and poverty.

10. How did Bantu speakers and the people they encountered react to one another? As Bantu speakers spread south into hunter-gatherers’ lands, territorial wars often broke out Bantu people exchanged ideas and intermarried with people they joined. Created new cultures with unique customs and traditions (new techniques for agriculture, ironworking to forge tools, weapons from copper and iron, social and political organization)

13. Made up of 52 countries and up to 1,000 different languages. African rivers have many rapids & waterfalls (hydroelectricity) but poor for transportation and communication Smooth coastline with escarpments (lack of good harbors And trade becomes difficult). Mountains – Kilimanjaro (highest), Kenya, Atlas, and Drakensberg

14. Tectonic plate - segment of Earth's crust: a segment of the Earth's crust that moves relative to other segments and is characterized by volcanic and seismic activity around its margins

16. Our first evidence of tectonic motion is based on similar fossils and rock types on opposing sides of the ocean Tectonic Plates

19. British anthropologist Dr Louis S B Leakey (1903 - 1972) sits at a table with four skulls, including the skull of the world's earliest known man.

20. Kilimanjaro Mountain African Rivers African Deserts

22. Desertification Scarcity of fertile farmland, pastures for livestock challenge for many Africans today Farmers must plant crops in poor soil Herders have to graze animals in extremely dry regions Environmental Challenges Result: soil in these areas dries out, natural grasses cannot grow Sahara, Sahel deserts expanding due to desertification, spread of desert like conditions Desertification contributes to cycles of drought, famine that plague many African countries today Desert like Conditions

23. Identify Cause and Effect What causes desertification in Africa? Answer(s): planting crops in poor soil and grazing animals in dry areas, causing soil to dry out even more.