1. Australia and Oceania

2.  Interplay between European and indigenous culture
European dominance  Indigenous dominance
Polynesia
Micronesia
Melanesia
Australia
New Zealand

3. Introduction Isolated physical setting
Exotic plants and animals
Late arrival of human occupations
Interplay between indigenous peoples and European cultures
Cultural adaptation, assimilation, and conflicts
Youthful political geography
Fluid geopolitical identity

4. Environmental Geography
Varied Natural and Human Habitat

5. Landform
Volcanic islands
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
Arid interior (outback), highly urbanized coast
Rugged mountain

6. Australia Western Plateau Interior Lowlands Eastern Highlands
Landform
Australia
Western Plateau
Ancient shield landmass
Interior Lowlands
Flat, and featureless lowland
Eastern Highlands
Barrier between western interior and eastern coastal plain
Highlands
Plateau
Great Artesian Basin
Basin

7. Landform
Artesian well
Interior basin lacks water supply, but the Great Artesian Basin possesses a rich supply of underground water

8. New Zealand Rugged mountain range featured by volcanic peaks
Landform
New Zealand
Rugged mountain range featured by volcanic peaks
 Pacific Rim of Fire
Fjord-like western coast in the South Island
 Glacial forces

9. Oceania Volcanic islands Seismic hazards (Pacific Rim) Landform
Polynesia
Micronesia
Volcanic islands
Melanesia
Bora Bora
Seismic hazards (Pacific Rim)

10. Landform
Volcanic Islands
Bora Bora, French Polynesia

11. Evolution of Volcanic Islands
Landform
Evolution of Volcanic Islands
High islands
3. Islands subside below sea level
Hot spot
Low islands
1. Active volcanism
2. Volcanism dwindles & erosion intervenes
Geologic time

12. Climate
A. Tropical Oceania
B. Arid Outback
C. Temperate Australian and New Zealand coastal plain

13. Natural Hazards Environmental issues Drought
Seismic hazards (Pacific Rim of Fire)
Drought

14. Global Resource Pressures
Environmental issues
Global Resource Pressures
Mining
Logging

15. Mining in Papua New Guinea
Environmental issues
Mining in Papua New Guinea
Mining, while providing incomes, causes immense environmental damage to the region

16. Nuclear Testing Environmental issues 1946 - 1958 Marshall Islands
Tuamotu Archipelago

17. Population and Settlement
A Diverse Cultural Landscape

18. Indigenous settlement
Aborigines in Australia, Maori in New Zealand
New Guinea Highlands, Society Islands
European migrations
Sydney, Melbourne…
Asian laborers and immigrants
Indian in Fiji, Japanese in Hawaii
Recent Asian immigrants in Australia

19. Australia and New Zealand are highly urbanized and Westernized
Most of pacific islands are rural (eg. Papua New Guinea)

20. Population distribution

21. Sydney, Australia
Most Australians (85%) live in cities

22. Peopling the Pacific

23. European Colonization
Australia
Served as a penal colony (1788)
Decimation of Aborigines
New Zealand
Wars with Maori chiefdoms (1845 ~ 1870)
Hawaii
U.S. annexed Hawaiian kingdom (1898)

24. Australian agriculture
Too dry for farming  extensive ranching
Hunting, gathering by Aborigines
Commercial farming in the coastal plains
Viniculture in Mediterranean climate region
Sugarcane in subtropical climate region
Dairy farming in well-watered area

25. Oceanic agriculture Village-centered shifting cultivation
Papua New Guinea highlands
Plantation agriculture in coastal plains
Sugarcane fields in Fiji and Hawaii

26. Current population issues
Australia and New Zealand
Influx of Asian immigrants
Less-developed island nations
Growing population given limited land

27. Cultural Coherence and Diversity
A Global Crossroads

28. Process of Cultural Change
Cultural differentiation
 geographical isolation
Cultural accommodation/assimilation
 European colonialism
Cultural homogenization or preservation
 globalization

29. Multicultural Australia
Dominance of colonial European roots
70% of population is British or Irish
White Australia Policy (~1973)
Remaining links with the British Crown
But increasingly multicultural due to
Political movement of native inhabitants
Inflows of Asian immigrants with a skill
“Asianization” policy
Two-way globalization

30. Multicultural New Zealand
Parallel the story of Australia with a slightly different cultural mix
Unique Polynesian roots
Maori (15%)
Pacific islanders (5%)

31. The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures (1)
Traditional culture worlds
The division of Oceania into Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia is based on racial and cultural distinctions by 19c anthropologists
Melanesia Micronesia Polynesia
Skin color: dark brown
Social system: village chiefdom kingdom
But the actual distinction is rather subtle
Revolves around village life
Highlanders in Papua New Guinea

32. The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures (2)
External cultural influences
Colonial plantation brought contact laborers
Japanese/Chinese in Hawaii, Indian in Fiji
Creole cultures
Multicultural Hawaiians
French New Caledonia
Pidgin English & Christianity
International tourism transforms their livelihoods
Fiji, French Polynesia, The Hawaiian Islands, Samoa

33. Language of Australia and Oceania

34. Geopolitical Framework
A Land of Fluid Boundaries

35. Colonial legacy Youthful states Ever-changing political map
Over the last two centuries
Persisting colonial ties
French Polynesia
U.S. territory
Youthful states
Oldest political states are the 20th century creation
Australia, New Zealand (1907)

36. Indigenous Patterns
Prior to European contact, the political geography was mosaic of indigenous territories
Melanesia based on kinship
Polynesia based on chiefdom
Some large volcanic islands of Polynesia formed kingdom (eg. Hawaii)

37. An Imposed Colonial Framework (circa 1900)
U.S.
Germany
France
Britain

38. An Imposed Colonial Framework (After WWI)
U.S.
Japan
Britain
France
Australia
New Zealand

39. An Imposed Colonial Framework (After WWII)
U.S.
Britain
France
Australia
New Zealand

40. An Imposed Colonial Framework (present day)
U.S.
France
New Zealand

41. Marshall Islands
Spanish (1526~1885)
Germany
(1885~1914)
Japanese
(1914~1944)
U.S.
(1947~1979)
Independence (1990s)
WWI
WWII
Political control of Micronesia has shifted numerous times during the last two centuries

42. Native Rights in Australia and New Zealand
Geopolitical tensions
Native Rights in Australia and New Zealand
General trends are to acknowledge the land rights of indigenous people
Establishment of Aboriginal reserves
Native Title Bill (1993)

43. Geopolitical tensions
Ethnic tension in Fiji
The populations of indigenous Fijians and South Asian immigrants are roughly equal
The violation of democratic process by the Fijians (eg. military coup in the late 1980s and 2000)

44. Rebellion in Papua New Guinea
Geopolitical tensions
Rebellion in Papua New Guinea
Resource-rich Bougainville’s indigenous inhabitants demand local control
Suppressed by military force

45. Geopolitical tensions

46. Economic and Social Development
A Hard Path to Paradise

47. Wealthy Australia, New Zealand, French territories
Impoverished remainders

48. Economy of Australia and New Zealand
Economic assets
Highly educated population
Diverse base of natural resources
Modern urban and industrial infrastructure
Challenges
Dependence on extraction of raw materials
Small domestic markets
Lack of high-tech and IT industries
 Efforts to diversify economic bases

49. Economy of Australia and New Zealand – economic diversification
Moving away from the traditional extractive economies (eg. tourism)
Promoting economic integration within the region
CER (Closer Economic Relationship) Agreement
Shifting away from Europe and North America in favor of closer links with Asia
Recent immigration policy
ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum)
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Group)

50. Global trade in Australia and New Zealand

51. Oceania’s Economic Diversity
Subsistence-based economies
Shifting cultivation, fishing
Commercial extractive economy
Plantation, mining, logging
Global tourism
Subsidies from the present/former colonial powers

52. Relatively fared well regardless of varied level of economic development with the exception of Papua New Guinea