1. AKS 46 Totalitarianism

2. I. Totalitarianism: government that takes total control over every aspect of public and private life; centralized power and control

3. II. Russia – A. Ruled by an emperor 1. Had been ruled by Romanov Dynasty since 1613 1. Had been ruled by Romanov Dynasty since 1613 2. Had lost territory to Japan in Russo-Japanese War 2. Had lost territory to Japan in Russo-Japanese War 3. Bloody Sunday Revolution in 1905 led to reforms by Czar Nicholas II 3. Bloody Sunday Revolution in 1905 led to reforms by Czar Nicholas II 4. Created the Duma – Russia’s first Parliament 4. Created the Duma – Russia’s first Parliament 5. 1917 – World War I is a disaster for Russia 5. 1917 – World War I is a disaster for Russia

4. B. March, 1917 – Czar Nicholas overthrown by Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin 1. Duma – Russian Assembly – sets up a “provisional government” 2. Decided to remain in the war against Germany 3. Soviets – radicals; criticized the Duma for continuing the war

5. C.Vladimir Lenin 1. Influenced by Karl Marx; believed proletariat (working class) would revolt 2. Led Bolsheviks; eventually fled to Switzerland to avoid arrest 3. Germany helped him return to Russia during WW I to lead Revolution 4. Leads revolution with Trotsky

6. 5. November, 1917 - Bolshevik Revolution a. takes over Russia; signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk b. Leon Trotsky organized the Red Army to fight off revolts; c. call themselves Communists d. 1922 – Lenin suffers stroke and dies suddenly

7. 6. Rise of Joseph Stalin a.Secretary General under Lenin b. turns government against Trotsky, takes over b. turns government against Trotsky, takes over c.1927 – Stalin becomes dictator of Russia

8. D. Totalitarianism in Russia 1.Total control of the state; builds up industry 2.Collectivism – controlled agriculture through Collective Farms 3.Kulaks – wealthy farmers; upset over collectivism 4.Stalin executes or imprisons 10 million to get them out of the way 5.Sets up a dictatorship; only one party 6.No individual rights; citizens obey the government 7.Used terrorism and fear to control people 8.Stalin wanted to lead a world Communist Revolution 9.Led the Great Purge – executed and imprisoned older Communist officials 10.Replaced them with younger, more loyal officials 11.Command Economy – government makes all economic decisions 12.Five Year Plans – goals for Russian economy; led to shortages of food

9. III. Germany and the Rise of Hitler A. Problems after World War I 1. Weimar Republic – new government after Kaiser Wilhelm resigned 2. Hated by German people for signing Treaty of Versailles 3. Treaty destroyed German economy; inflation hit hard

10. B. Adolf Hitler 1. Leader of small Nazi Party; blamed Jews, Communists, foreigners for German problems 2. Led an uprising against the Weimar Republic; arrested and jailed 3. Wrote Mein Keimpf (My Struggle) while in prison 4. Gets out of jail in 1924 and gradually gains power 5. January 30, 1933 – elected Chancellor of Germany 6. 1934 – German President von Hindenburg dies; Hitler takes over 7. Furher – “leader” of the Third Reich (after Holy Roman & German Empires)

11. C.Totalitarianism in Germany 1.Opponents to Hitler and the Nazi party were murdered or imprisoned 2.Created the Gestapo –secret police 3.Took over the press, schools and religion 4.Created the Hitler Youth – taught patriotism, military discipline 5.Burned any books not pro-Nazi Heinrich Himmler, Head of the Gestapo

12. 6. “Night of Broken Glass” a. November 9 & 10, 1938; Nazis attack Jews throughout Germany b.Thousands attacked, beaten, homes and businesses destroyed c.Synagogues also attacked and destroyed d.Nuremburg Laws - Jews expelled from government jobs; lost citizenship and businesses e.Many tried to leave (went to Europe and U.S.) f.Thousands taken to Concentration Camps

13. D. Strengthening Germany 1. Built up military, created jobs for German people 2. Also began building roads, buildings; controlled wages and taxes 3. Expansion a. believed Germans should rule inferior races b. withdrew from the League of Nations in 1932 c. violated the Treaty of Versailles by building up military

14. IV. Italy and the Rise of Mussolini A. Italy after World War I 1. Upset that they did not get land from Austria- Hungary; Socialists begin rising in power 2.Benito Mussolini forms the Fascist party

15. 3. Fascism – one party with a strong ruler a. against democracy – destroys unity b. against socialism and communism – wanted private property c. believed that stronger nations have the right to take over weaker ones 4. Appeals of Fascism a. WW I veterans liked the militarism b. Nationalists like reviving the Roman Heritage c. Believed a strong ruler keeps order and protects private ownership

17. B. March on Rome 1. October 1922 – led by Mussolini 2. “Black Shirts” - thugs, lead riots, beat up socialists and communists 3. Mussolini named Prime Minister of Italy by the King 4. Named dictator for a year, takes over for good a. Fascists control the government b. Calls himself “Il Duce” – the leader c. Begins trying to expand the Italian empire

18. V. Nationalism in Asia A. China – had become controlled by outsiders; wanted to take control of China 1. Qing Dynasty – last great dynasty in China 1. Qing Dynasty – last great dynasty in China 2. Overthrown by Kuomintang (Nationalist Party); led by Sun Yixian 2. Overthrown by Kuomintang (Nationalist Party); led by Sun Yixian 3. Turned rule over to General Yuan Shikai; became dictator 3. Turned rule over to General Yuan Shikai; became dictator 4. Led to Civil Wars in China 4. Led to Civil Wars in China 5. Supported Allies during World War I; hoped to regain lands controlled by Germany; instead, land was given to Japan 5. Supported Allies during World War I; hoped to regain lands controlled by Germany; instead, land was given to Japan 6. May 4 Movement – students, workers lead demonstrations 6. May 4 Movement – students, workers lead demonstrations 7. Leads to conflict between Nationalists and Communists 7. Leads to conflict between Nationalists and Communists 8. Nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi 8. Nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi 9. Communists led by Mao Zedong 9. Communists led by Mao Zedong 10. Fight until 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria 10. Fight until 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria

19. I. India – controlled by England since Age of Exploration 1.Nationalism began in 1800’s and continued after World Wars 2. Two groups: Hindu Indian National Congress and the Muslim League 3.Rowlatt Acts – 1919; government can jail protestors without trial 4. Amritsar Massacre – British troops fire on protestors, killing 400

20. 5. Nationalism spreads, led by Mohandis K. Gandhi 6. Civil Disobedience – refusal to obey an unjust law 7. Gandhi called on Indians to boycott British goods, schools, and taxes 8. Believed in nonviolence 9. Led Salt March in 1930 – Indians marched to sea to get their own salt 10. 1935 – Government of India Act gave India self-rule

21. C.Militarism in Japan 1.Great Depression hits Japan hard; many want to go back to past – leads to growth in militarism 2.Invades Manchuria in China to gain more land and natural resources 3.Commit wide range atrocities against Chinese–“Rape of Nanjing” 4.China goes to League of Nations for help; Japan withdraws from League of Nations

22. D. Other Nationalist Movements in Ottoman Empire 1. Ottoman Empire broken up after World War I 2. 1923 – Republic of Turkey formed a. 1919 Greeks invade b. Mustafa Kemal leads Turkish nationalists against Greeks and win peace c. nationalists then go on to overthrow the last Ottoman sultan

23. 3. Mustafa Kemal: president of Republic of Turkey – known as “Ataturk” (father of the Turks) 4. 1921 – Persia begins fight for independence; becomes Iran in 1935 5.Saudi Arabia – unified in 1932