Paper Review Average Grade: 89.4% (vs. 87.3% on Water) Improvement on Argumentation Knowing Limitations Qualifying Language Absence from Source ≠ Absence.

Paper Review Average Grade: 89.4% (vs. 87.3% on Water) Improvement on Argumentation Knowing Limitations Qualifying Language Absence from Source ≠ Absence from Society Default ≠ Equality Topic Sentences

_________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________. In Maya culture, where the Popul Vuh derived from, priests not only had religious power because they were literate and performed sacrifices (sometimes of humans), but performed important administrative functions, making them a key part of the upper half of society. In addition, since Maya civilization was really only a collection of city-states, the religion would have been a uniting factor (Leff lecture, 10/18/12). In the Popul Vuh, after the gods made the earth, they wanted to make humans, and tried multiple times. However, they failed up to the end, being unable to make beings who could “nourish and sustain” them as well as “praise and venerate” them (Goetz, 81, 83-86, 89). Although they were quite unable to do these things, the early attempts were punished nonetheless; the animals “condemned to be eaten,” the mud people destroyed, and all but a few of the wooden folks destroyed in a flood, holding the ever-present threat of destruction over their heads if they failed to worship properly (Goetz, 81, 83-86, 89). This would obviously imply that the priests deserve the power and wealth they received since they save the civilization from obliteration. Thesis: In many of these cultures, a priestly group held a dominant role in the hierarchy which they could build on by writing into their creation stories divine inspirations or pressing religious reasons to keep their status around “for the general good.” This relationship between the clergy and the cosmology of a culture enabled the religious class to grow and maintain itself.

One of the simplest ways in which the cosmologies worked to the advantage of priests was simply by restating the common idea that gods want humans to worship them. In Maya culture, where the Popul Vuh derived from, priests not only had religious power because they were literate and performed sacrifices (sometimes of humans), but performed important administrative functions, making them a key part of the upper half of society. In addition, since Maya civilization was really only a collection of city-states, the religion would have been a uniting factor (Leff lecture, 10/18/12). In the Popul Vuh, after the gods made the earth, they wanted to make humans, and tried multiple times. However, they failed up to the end, being unable to make beings who could “nourish and sustain” them as well as “praise and venerate” them (Goetz, 81, 83-86, 89). Although they were quite unable to do these things, the early attempts were punished nonetheless; the animals “condemned to be eaten,” the mud people destroyed, and all but a few of the wooden folks destroyed in a flood, holding the ever-present threat of destruction over their heads if they failed to worship properly (Goetz, 81, 83-86, 89). This would obviously imply that the priests deserve the power and wealth they received since they save the civilization from obliteration.

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd”

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” “External” Geography Himalayan Mountains Tibetan Plateau

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” “External” Geography Himalayan Mountains Tibetan Plateau Gobi Desert

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” “External” Geography Himalayan Mountains Tibetan Plateau Gobi Desert Jungles in SE Asia

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” “External” Geography Himalayan Mountains Tibetan Plateau Gobi Desert Jungles in SE Asia Ocean in East

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” “External” Geography Himalayan Mountains Tibetan Plateau Gobi Desert Jungles in SE Asia Ocean in East Middle Kingdom

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” “External” Geography Himalayan Mountains Tibetan Plateau Gobi Desert Jungles in SE Asia Ocean in East Middle Kingdom Nomadic Pressure

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys “Internal” Geography

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys “Internal” Geography Yellow River Colder, Drier, Flatter Loess Silting and Flooding Wheat, Millet Dense Settlement, Intense Cultivation

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys “Internal” Geography Yellow River Colder, Drier, Flatter Loess Wheat, Millet Flooding Dense Settlement, Intense Cultivation Yangtze River Wetter, Hotter, Hillier Rice Settled Later

Baskets of rice seeds await their initial planting as workers prepare a muddy field in the South during February.

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys “Internal” Geography Yellow River Colder, Drier, Flatter Loess Wheat, Millet Flooding Dense Settlement, Intense Cultivation Yangtze River Wetter, Hotter, Hillier Rice Settled Later Outer China Arid Thinly Populated Home for Nomads Remains of the Great Wall wind their way through Mongolia Sand dunes overlook sheep grazing in the western province of Gansu

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys “Internal” Geography Yellow River Colder, Drier, Flatter Loess Wheat, Millet Flooding Dense Settlement, Intense Cultivation Yangtze River Wetter, Hotter, Hillier Rice Settled Later Outer China Arid Thinly Populated Home for Nomads The Sea

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys First Chinese Civilizations First Sedentary Ag Communities by 5000-4000 BCE Yangshao (2500-2000) Longshan (2000-1500)

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys First Chinese Civilizations First Sedentary Ag Communities by 5000-4000 BCE Yangshao (2500-2000) Longshan (2000-1500) More intensive agricultural production Early Innovations Walled towns Silk production Bronze Production Early form of writing Flood Control and development of Governments

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys First Chinese Civilizations First Sedentary Ag Communities by 5000-4000 BCE Yangshao (2500-2000) Longshan (2000-1500) More intensive agricultural production Early Innovations Walled towns Silk production Bronze Production Early form of writing Flood Control and development of Governments Legendary Emperors 3 Sovereigns and 5 Sage Emperors Brought Cultural Innovations Yao-Calendar Fu Xi- The “Ox-Tamer” Huang Di, the Yellow Emperor Yu, founder of likely mythical Xia Empire, unites tribal states. Revered for controlling flood. Dawn of Shang in 1523 Fu Xi was the first of three noble emperors, supposedly ruling from 2952-2836 BCE (116 years)

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Ideographic writing  Chinese Civ. spreads across E. Asia Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Shang Dynasty Conquest Government Social Structure Culture

Shang Dynasty Conquest 16 th Century Warlike Nomads, Horse/Chariot Warfare Style Stronger Kings

Shang Dynasty Conquest 16 th Century Warlike Nomads, Horse/Chariot Warfare Style Stronger Kings Government and Feudalism Bureaucracy at Capital, Anyang King First Among Equals Feudal Vassals Mutual Obligation Vassals get… Vassals give… Originally, Personal Ties Strong Shang Army Ritual Status of Kings NOTE: This chart shows European Feudalism. In China, the general concept is the same, though the titles are different.

Shang Dynasty Conquest 16 th Century Warlike Nomads, Horse/Chariot Warfare Style Stronger Kings Government and Feudalism Bureaucracy at Capital, Anyang King First Among Equals Feudal Vassals Mutual Obligation Vassals get… Vassals give… Originally, Personal Ties Strong Shang Army Ritual Status of Kings Social Structure Family Structure Elites: Extended Family, Patriarchal, Hierarchy Commoners: Nuclear Family, but still Patriarchal Peasants Artisans Economic Summary

Shang Dynasty Culture Ritual Ritual and Reciprocity You give… You get…

Shang Dynasty Culture Ritual Ritual and Reciprocity You give… You get… Ancestor Worship Ancestor spirits as intermediaries Eldest Male Presides

Shang Dynasty Culture Ritual Ritual and Reciprocity You give… You get… Ancestor Worship Ancestor spirits as intermediaries Eldest Male Presides Ritual and Shang Power Royal Ancestors as intermediaries Accessing Shang-Di

Shang Dynasty Culture Ritual Ritual and Reciprocity You give… You get… Ancestor Worship Ancestor spirits as intermediaries Eldest Male Presides Ritual and Shang Power Royal Ancestors as intermediaries Accessing Shang-Di Elaborate Tombs Sacrifices and Captives

Shang Dynasty Culture Ritual Ritual and Reciprocity You give… You get… Ancestor Worship Ancestor spirits as intermediaries Eldest Male Presides Ritual and Shang Power Royal Ancestors as intermediaries Accessing Shang-Di Elaborate Tombs Sacrifices and Captives Oracles Why go to Oracle? Who goes to Oracle? Related to Development of Writing

Shang Dynasty Culture Writing Development/Standardization Rebus  Ideographic Simple Pictographs Combine Symbols Stylized

Shang Dynasty Culture Writing Development/Standardization Rebus  Ideographic Simple Pictographs Combine Symbols Stylized 3000 characters in Shang  8000 today Paper in Han Chinese Identity/Governance Various Spoken Languages Enables gov’t bureaucracy Common Identity (esp among elites) Literacy  Social Mobility

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script  Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Mandate of Heaven Zhou conquer Shang, justify with Mandate of Heaven

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script  Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Mandate of Heaven Zhou conquer Shang, justify with Mandate of Heaven Content of Mandate Shang connection with Shangdi Right to rule a gift from heaven (tien) Conditional mandate, could be lost

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script  Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Mandate of Heaven Zhou conquer Shang, justify with Mandate of Heaven Content of Mandate Shang connection with Shangdi Right to rule a gift from heaven (tien) Conditional mandate, could be lost Significance of Mandate Appeal to Supernatural power Justifies Authoritarian Monarchy Justifies Revolution

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script  Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script  Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system Restore army & the Great Wall

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over  Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant landsArmy is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script  Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system Restore army & the Great Wall

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over  Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant landsArmy is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script  Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system Restore army & the Great Wall

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over  Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant landsArmy is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Peasant revolts Raids & invasions Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script  Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system Restore army & the Great Wall

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over  Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant landsArmy is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Peasant revolts Raids & invasionsCentral government steadily weakens Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script  Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system Restore army & the Great Wall

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over  Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant landsArmy is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system Restore army & the Great Wall Peasant revolts Raids & invasionsCentral government steadily weakens Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system Restore army & the Great Wall Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script  Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze China has a long history of revolutions, largely justified by the Mandate of Heaven which decrees an old dynasty’s reign should end in times of corruption and natural disasters. Unlike the West, where revolutions typically originate with the middle class, Chinese revolutions often arise from peasant unrest.*

FC.53 EARLY CHINA AND THE PATTERN OF ITS HISTORY(c.1500-500 B.C.E.) N. Nomads est. Zhou dyn. (1028 B.C.E.)  Follow cycle of Ch. history  “Age of Warring States” (481-221 B.C.E.) (FC.54) Prosperous soc. until neglectful emp’s take over  Corruption, High taxes & loss of peasant landsArmy is neglected & Great Wall not maintained Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Peasant revolts Raids & invasionsCentral government steadily weakens Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s Hydraulic civ. evolves in Huang He River Valley after 2000 B.C.E. Mts., jungles, steppe, & ocean isolate China  Feels it is unique & superior “Middle Kgd” Irregular & massive floods  Major irrig. & flood control projects  Strong central govt. Most fertile land is in E. 1/3 of China  Pop. concentrated in E. River valleys Mandate of Heaven justifies good dyn’s & rev. vs. bad dyn’s RECURRING CYCLE OF CHINESE HISTORY Energetic new dynasty, often semi-civilized nomads, takes over & revives China Shang Dyn. (c.1500-1028 B.C.E.)  Sev. developments in Ch. civ. Combining priestly & polit. roles  No separate priest class Phonetic rebus (not ideogr.) script  Still over 47,000 characters Silk textiles, carved jade & highly developed bronze Lower taxes, redistribute land to peasants & restore irrigation & flood control Restore govt. & civil service exam system Restore army & the Great Wall

Zhou Dynasty Overview Founded ~1150

Zhou Dynasty Overview Founded ~1150 Capitals at Xi’an and Luoyang

Zhou Dynasty Overview Founded ~1150 Capitals at Xi’an and Luoyang Lasted in some form til 221 BCE Lacked strong central power  Feudalist

Zhou Dynasty Overview Founded ~1150 Capitals at Xi’an and Luoyang Lasted in some form til 221 BCE Lacked strong central power  Feudalist Zhou Feudalism Overview Royal Rule  Major Vassals  Minor Vassals  Peasants Early Zhou had greater control over vassals Problems of Feudalism Potential to Fracture Mandate of Heaven Growth of shi Peasants Segregation Burdens

Zhou Dynasty Overview Founded ~1150 Capitals at Xi’an and Luoyang Lasted in some form til 221 BCE Lacked strong central power  Feudalist Zhou Feudalism Overview Royal Rule  Major Vassals  Minor Vassals  Peasants Early Zhou had greater control over vassals Problems of Feudalism Potential to Fracture Mandate of Heaven Growth of shi Peasants Segregation Burdens Farming for Lord Fighting Laboring Feeding Lord Resentment

Peasant Resentment: A Poem Big rat, big rat Do not eat my millet. Three years I have served you, But you will not care for me. I am going to leave you And go to that happy land; Happy land, happy land, Where I will find my place. Big rat, big rat, Do not eat my sprouts! Three years I have served you But you give me no comfort. I am going to leave you And go to those happy fields; Happy fields, happy fields; Who there shall long moan?

Zhou Dynasty Expansion of Civilization Increased Cultivation and Population Migration Patterns Results

Zhou Dynasty Expansion of Civilization Increased Cultivation and Population Migration Patterns Results End of Western Zhou Strong Rulers Make it work for several centuries Decline Factors Weaker Kings Disenchanted Nobles Increased Barbarian Attacks Fall of “Western” Zhou in 771 Start of “Eastern” Zhou (770-221 BCE)

Conclusion: Shang vs. Harappan Comparison: Shang vs. Harappan Shang Continuity Harappan “Break” Lack of Long-Term Harappan Impact Some Continuity Examples of cultural “break” Examples of Chinese Continuity Why?

Conclusion: Shang vs. Harappan Comparison: Shang vs. Harappan Shang Continuity Harappan “Break” Lack of Long-Term Harappan Impact Some Continuity Examples of cultural “break” Examples of Chinese Continuity Why? Persistent presence of Nomadic Invaders India: Nomadic threat remote for centuries  lacked milit tech to resist/absorb nomads China: Ever-present nomad threat  Develop Milit tech Unite under strong rulers Nomads reinvigorate rather than destroy

Paper Review Average Grade: 89.4% (vs. 87.3% on Water) Improvement on Argumentation Knowing Limitations Qualifying Language Absence from Source ≠ Absence.

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Paper Review Average Grade: 89.4% (vs. 87.3% on Water) Improvement on Argumentation Knowing Limitations Qualifying Language Absence from Source ≠ Absence.

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