1. KINGDOM ANIMALIA Fun stuff!!

2. SEPARABLE CHARACTERISTICS No cell wall Sexual reproduction is the norm Dominant life cycle stage is diploid Most animals are motile Most have muscle & nervous tissue Multicellular heterotrophs Animals store glucose as glycogen Plants store glucose as starch

3. DEFINITIONS Zygote – Fertilized Egg Cleavages – mitotic cell divisions w/o cell growth between cycles Blastula – A hollow ball of cells surrounding a cavity called the blastocoel Gastrula – form that begins to feature embryonic tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) Ectoderm – Outer tissue layer Endoderm – Inner tissue layer Blastophore – opening into the gastrula Archenteron – pouch formed by gastrulation

4. ANIMALS CHARACTERIZED BY… 1. Body Plan or symmetry 1. No symmetry – sponges 2. Radial symmetry – any cut through central axis = mirror images 1. Example: Cnidarians 3. Bilateral symmetry – Right & left sides 1. Most Chordates, molluscs, arthropods, annelids, & nematodes 2. Dorsal (back) & Ventral (front) 3. Anterior (head) & posterior (tail)

5. ANIMALS CHARACTERIZED BY… 1. Body Cavity 1. Acoelomates – No cavity between their alimentary canal and the outer wall of their bodies -- Playthelminths 1. Pseudocoelomates – cavity formed from mesoderm and endoderm -- Nematoda 1. Coelomates – -- Mollusca, annelida, arthropoda, echinodermata, & chrodata

6. EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESSION Choanoflagellates Parazo a Eumetazo a Radiat a Bilateri a

7. EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESSION CONTINED (NOTE: THIS SLIDE STARTS @ BILATERIA) Bilateri a Body Cavity Coelomates Protosomes Deuterosome s Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates

8. EVOLUTIONARY LINKAGE Choanoflagellates 4 major branching points from choanoflagellates 1. Following multicellularity came the first branch point into Parazoa (Protista) and Eumetazoa 2. Eumetazoa branches due to body symmetry 1. Radiata – radial symmetry, single orientation -- Jellyfish, corals, and hydras 1. Bilateria – Bilateral symmetry, top/bottom (dorsal/ventral) and head / tail (anterior/posterior) 3. Bilateria branch due to vascularity & body cavity 1. Acoeleomates – No blood vascular system, and no coelem -- Coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity 1. Those with a fluid-filled body cavity

9. EVOLUTIONARY LINKAGES Those with a fluid filled body cavity can be separated into: Pseudocoelomates Fluid-filled body cavity not enclosed by mesoderm Roundworms Coelomates Possess coelom that is derived from the mesoderm Protosomes vs. Deuterosomes Protosomes – bilaterally symmetric, (first hole) The first indentation develops into the mouth Annelids, arthropods, & mollusks

10. DEUTEROSOMES First indentation develops into the anus Second indentation develops into the mouth Chordates & echinoderms The difference between Protosomes & Deuterosomes is in embryonic development Protosomes – first embryonic indent develops into the mouth Deuterosomes – the first embryonic indent takes an ugly turn – it develops into the anus, not the mouth

11. ANIMALIA : 9 MAIN PHYLA 1. Porifera 2. Cnidaria 3. Platyhelminths 4. Nematoda 5. Annelida 6. Mollusca 7. Arthropoda 8. Echinodermata 9. Chordata

12. 3 GERM OR CELL LAYERS Ectoderm – outer layer cover Mesoderm – Muscle & organ layer Endoderm – Digestive tract

13. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN ANIMALIA

14. PHYLUM PORIFERA Sponges Simple creatures Marine & fresh water No true tissues, so no organs No specialized cellular function Most are Hermaphroditic - perform female & male functions Can reproduce sexually or asexually Sessile – do not move Suspension feeders If you cut a sponge, it will spontaneously reaggregate back into a sponges

15. ARE YOU SPONGEWORTHY?

16. PORIFERA PHYSIOLOGY Water flows into the sponge through Porocytes, entering a cavity called Spongocoel The spongocoel is lined with feeding cells called choanocytes Choanocytes beat their flagella to create a current that draws water into the porocytes Ameobocytes – transfer nutrients to other cells of the sponge’s body

17. CNIDARIA Eumetazoans Jellyfish & Corals Radial Symmetry Lack Mesoderm 2 Body arrangements: Polyp – Asexual, cylinder-shaped, & Attached Medusa – Sexual, flat, and Roams for food Use tentacles to capture & eat prey

18. CNIDARIA

19. QUESTIONS 1. Are Cnidarians protosomes or deuterosomes? 2. How do sponges feed? 3. What are Choanocytes & what is their function?

20. PLATYHELMINTHS Flatworms Acoelomates Protosomes Bilaterally symmetrical Some Cephalization – Formation of head structure 3 Important forms Flukes – Parasitic & alternate between asex & sex reprod. Planarians – Free-living carnivores in fresh water Tapeworms – Parasitic flatworms that tend to live in vertebrates, like humans!!

22. ROTIFERA Pseudocoelomates Bilateral Symmetry Separate mouth & anus Microscopic True digestive canal

23. NEMATODA Roundworms Protosomes Pseudocoelomates Bilaterally Symmetric Some cause Trichinosis GI illness due to tainted pork

24. MOLLUSCA Snails, slugs, octopus, & squid Protosomes Coelomates – full digestive systems Soft body with calcium-containing shell Bilateral symmetry Bivalves – Clams and Oysters Have hinged shells that are divided into 2 parts

26. ANNELIDA Segmented Worm Earthworms & Leaches Protosome, Bilaterally Symmetrical, Coelomates Digestive tract is tube-within-a-tube Hermaphroditic Blood with hemoglobin Closed circulatory system Gas diffusion across skin Nephridia used for excretion – precursor to kidneys

28. EARTHWORM ANATOMY

29. ARTHROPODA Protosome Coelomate Jointed Appendages Segmented: head, thorax, & abdomen Chitinous exoskeleton May have a larval stage Open circulatory system Malphigian tubules – removes nitrogenous waste Trachea – air ducts, bring air in from the environment Some have book lungs or gills

31. ECHINODERMATA Sea stars Deuterosome coelomates Sessile or slow moving Bilateral symmetry as embryo, but reverts to primitive form of symmetry (radial) as an adult Water Vascular system Sexual Reproduction – External fertilization Asexual Reproduction – fragmentation & regeneration Calcium based endoskeleton

32. ECHINODERMATA PHYSIOLOGY

33. Examples of Echinoderm s

34. CHORDATA Deuterosome coelomates Invertebrates & Vertebrates Vertebrates – possessing backbone Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord – forms the nervous system & becomes the Brain & spinal cord Notochord – Long support rod that is replaced by bone in vertebrates Pharyngeal Gill slits – functions in breathing or feeding Tail – Lost in many animals by birth

35. CHORDATES Can be homeothermic (homo – same) or poikilothermic Homeothermic – maintains consistent body temperature Birds & Mammals Poikilothermic – Cold blooded, attain heat from external environment Iguanas and cold environment

36. MAMMALS Mothers provide milk to their young Hair or Fur Composed of Keratin Homeotherms – Maintain stable internal environment Can be a placental, marsupial, or monotreme mammal

37. 3 BASIC CATEGORIES OF MAMMALS 1. Placental Mammals (Eutherians) -- Embryo develops internally in a uterus -- Placenta – Part of uterus that connects embryo to mother, allows nutrients to diffuse from mother, but serve as barrier to protect embryo as well 2. Marsupials -- Born early in embryonic development but completes its development while nursing in the mother’s pouch 3. Monotremes -- Egg-laying mammals -- Derive nutrients from a shelled egg -- Duck-billed platypus

38. MAMMALS EXAMPLES G. W. Chimp Karl Rove Kangaroo So that’s where Scooter Libby has been hiding

39. PRIMATA Descended from insectivores Dexterous hands & opposable thumbs Nails – instead of claws Eyes are front-facing & set close together Creates overlapping fields of vision Enhances depth perception and hand-eye coordination Significant amount of energy devoted to parenting Single birthing Nurture young for extended time periods Gorillas, Chimps, Gibbons, Old-world & New- world monkeys

40. COMPLETE THE TABLE PhylumExample-SomeCoelomSymmetryGerm Layer s PoriferaSponge CnidariaHydra Platyhelminth s Planaria NematodaPinworm AnnelidaEarthworm MolluscaClam ArthropodaInsect Echinodermat a Starfish ChordataDog/Huma n

41. COMPLETED TABLE PhylumExample-SomeCoelomSymmetr y Germ Layer s PoriferaSpongeProtoAcoelom- None1 CnidariaHydraPA Radial1 Platyhelmint hs PlanariaPABi1 NematodaPinwormP Pseudo- Bi2 AnnelidaEarthwor m P Coelomat e Bi3 MolluscaClamP Coelomat e Bi3 ArthropodaInsectP Coelomat e Bi3 Echinoderma ta Starfish Deuter o Coelomat e Bi3 ChordataDog/Huma n Deuter o Coelomat e Bi3

42. SUMMARIZE INFO FOR THE KINGDOMS Focus on Differentiating Characteristics