1. any object in space outside of Earth's atmosphere
stars, planets, Moon, Sun, comets
model of the sky Z
zenith Z
- highest point in sky
- directly above the
observer's head
horizon imaginary boundary
between the sky and ground

2. II. Star Motions.
1. Looking up, the sky
appears to be a ________
dome
Watch a _______ rise.
It moves in a wide _______.
But one point in the sky
__________________________
star
arc
star
does not move. That
point appears fixed.
Later the star ________.
It is as if the stars move
on a ____________________
that ____________________
Earth on a _____________
_______. Half of the sphere
is ______________________.
sets
transparent sphere
rotates around
gigantic
axis
hidden beneath you.

3. 4. The fixed point that does not move is directly above _________
_______________________. It is
near the star _________________.
Its altitude above the horizon
equals the __________________ of
the observer.
Polaris
north
on the horizon
Polaris
latitude
rise
5. Some stars _________ and
_____. See A and B at right.
Other stars _______________
____________. They circle the
____________ , and are called
_______________________ stars.
See star C at right . A
set
never rise and B C
never set
pole/axis
circumpolar

4. Star C
350
Notice:
-Star A is _______________________
-Most stars do NOT rise directly in the _________
and do NOT set directly in the ___________
-The latitude of this observer is ____________
circumpolar
east
west
350 N

5. Which direction are you looking in this picture?

6. Which direction are you looking in this picture?

8. How long was the exposure?
What latitude is this?

9. Stars appear to rotate around Earth from _______
the spinning of Earth
on its own axis W
east
west E
3600 24
3600
150 / hour
24 h
Stars appear to rotate around Earth from _______
to _________ at a rate of ________________
because of Earth's _________________________________
east
west
150 / hour
rotation in the opposite direction.

10. circumpolar
= Polaris 4 2 3 N E W NY
Notice:
_____ x 150/h
= _________
between each
position above
mid October
6 h 1
900 2 3 4

11. D. 1. The stars, Sun, moon and planets move ______/h
150
D The stars, Sun, moon and planets move ______/h
across the ________________________.
celestial sphere
= celestial object
etc
9 am
8 am
150
Sun's path S N

12. from to
hours
degrees
8 am
9 am 1
10 am
2 pm
12 pm
4 pm
150 2
300 4
600 5
750 3
450 6
900

13. the same
2. Because all stars move across the sky at ___________
____________ , any star with a ______________ path will
be above the horizon for ____________________________.
rate
longer
a longer time B C E S A N W
Star A: __________ path  above horizon for _____ h
Star B: rises/sets in _______  above horizon for _____ h
Star C: __________ path  above horizon for _______ h
longest
> 12
E/W___ 12
shortest
< 12

14. IV. Effects of Earth's Rotation
1. ___________________. As Earth rotates on its axis,
half of it faces the sun and has daylight. The other
half is in darkness and has nighttime.
Night and Day
view from above North Pole:
light
from
the
Sun
Day
Night

15. Earth rotates, so points on its surface rotate into
and out of _____________:
sunlight
6 am
View from
North Pole:
8 am
4 am
10 am
sunrise
2 am
light
from
the
Sun
12 pm
noon
midnight
12 am
sunset
2 pm
10 pm
4 pm
8 pm
6 pm
300 2
Meridians shown are ______ apart  every ______ hours
(All times are approximate.)

16. 2. Time – is based on Earth's _________, which causes
the Sun to _______ and _______
rotation
set
rise
imaginary line from N to S
passing through the zenith Z
local meridian - _____________________________________
_____________________________________ Z
12:00 p.m.
-Sun is directly S
- Sun is highest
- looking south:
local noon- __________
_______________________
12 pm S
a.m.
p.m. N
E S W
Sun's path
looking south

17. 3. Change in Shadow Length.
shadow of a pole - ________________________________
_________________________________
-points directly opposite the Sun
-shortens in the a.m.
-shortest at local noon and points N
-lengthens in the p.m.
top view
12 pm S
9 am
3 pm
pole
pole S
3 pm
9 am
noon N N

18. This is the basis of sundials.

20. - Earth rotates _____ degrees every hour
Earth's Time Zones
- Earth rotates _____ degrees every hour
- The Sun reaches local noon ______ degrees
further__________ every hour
- Time zones are ______ apart from each other 15 15
west
150
11 am
noon
1 pm
2 pm
Pacific
Mountain
Eastern
Central

22. V. Evidence of Earth's rotation: Foucault Pendulum:
________________________
A pendulum swung
in one direction (A-A')
appears to change to
a new direction (B-B')
because Earth rotates underneath it 6
___ hours later, Earth has
rotated ______ degrees:
Top view of pendulum
at the North Pole: 90
Notice the
Pendulum
keeps the
same
direction
___________
A A'
B B'

23. 2. Coriolis Effect: ________________________________
___________________________________________________
the apparent curving or turning of winds, currents and projectiles caused by Earth's
rotation.
= original path
= curved path
Turns to
the _______
in Northern
Hemisphere
right
The equator
moves _________,
than the poles.
So projectiles
curve _________
of the _________
path.
faster
direction of rotation
in front
Turns to
the _______
in Southern
Hemisphere
original
left
Earth