2. An Introduction to the Arabic Language Alphabets A Beginners Guide

3. أبتث جحخ دذر زسشص ضطظ عغ فق كلم ن هـ و ي Click here to view the elevated letters Click here to view the elevated letters Click on each letter to view profile Click on each letter to view profile

4. أ First letter: Alif – hamzah Name of letter: Alif Pronunciation: aa Equivalent to a long ‘a’ in English. Hamzah is not a letter of the alphabet but a sign indicating a sound known in English as a ‘glottal stop’. Alif is a non-connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, but not the letter following it. أ أ ـأـأ أ أ ـأ ـأ Connective Form (of a non-connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

5. ب Second letter: Baa Name of letter: Baa Pronunciation: b Equivalent to the consonant ‘b’ in English. Baa is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. ب بـ ـبــب ب بـ ـبـ ـب Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

6. ت Third letter: Taa Name of letter: Taa Pronunciation: t Equivalent to the consonant ‘t’ in English. In writing it acts like its sister letter ‘baa’, so its written exactly the same way except that it has two dots above it. ت تـ ـتــت ت تـ ـتـ ـت Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

7. ث Forth letter: Thaa Name of letter: Thaa Pronunciation: th Pronounced like the ‘th’ in the English word ‘three’. In writing it acts like its sister letter ‘baa’, so its written exactly the same way except that it has three dots above it. ث ثـ ـثــث ث ثـ ـثـ ـث Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

8. ج Fifth letter: Geem Name of letter: Geem Pronunciation: j Should be pronounced like the English ‘j’. Geem is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. ج جـ ـجــج ج جـ ـجـ ـج Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

9. ح Sixth letter: Haa Name of letter: Haa Pronunciation: h Pronounced like the English ‘h’, as pure but much heavier and deeper. In writing it acts like its sister letter ‘geem’, so its written exactly the same way except that it has no dots. ح حـ ـحــح ح حـ ـحـ ـح Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

10. خ Seventh letter: Kh Seventh letter: Khää Name of letter: Kh ää Pronunciation: kh Should be pronounced like a clearing sound in the throat ‘ch’, also similar to the Germen ‘ch’. In writing it acts like its sister letter ‘geem’, so its written exactly the same way except that it has one dot above it. خ خـ ـخــخ خ خـ ـخـ ـخ Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

11. د Eighth letter: Daal Name of letter: Daal Pronunciation: d Equivalent to the consonant ‘d’ in English. Daal is a non-connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, but not the letter following it. د د ـدـد د د ـد ـد Connective Form (of a non-connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

12. ذ Ninth letter: Thaal Name of letter: Thaal Pronunciation: th Pronounced like the ‘th’ in the English word ‘the’. In writing it acts like its sister letter ‘daal’, so its written exactly the same way except that it has one dot above it. Thaal is a non-connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, but not the letter following it. ذ ذ ـذـذ ذ ذ ـذ ـذ Connective Form (of a non-connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

13. ر Tenth letter: R Tenth letter: Rää Name of letter: R ää Pronunciation: r Equivalent to the consonant ‘ r ’ in English. Raa is a non-connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, but not the letter following it. ر ر ـرـر ر ر ـر ـر Connective Form (of a non-connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

14. ز Eleventh letter: Zain Name of letter: Zain Pronunciation: z Equivalent to the consonant ‘z’ in English. In writing it acts like its sister letter ‘raa’, so its written exactly the same way except that it has one dot above it. Zain is a non-connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, but not the letter following it. ز ز ـزـز ز ز ـز ـز Connective Form (of a non-connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

15. س Twelfth letter: Seen Name of letter: Seen Pronunciation: s Equivalent to the consonant ‘s’ in English’. Seen is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. س سـ ـســس س سـ ـسـ ـس Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

16. ش Thirteenth letter: Sheen Name of letter: Sheen Pronunciation: sh Pronounced like the English ‘sh’ In writing it acts like its sister letter ‘seen’, so its written exactly the same way except that it has three dots above it. ش شـ ـشــش ش شـ ـشـ ـش Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

17. ص Fourteenth letter: Sd Fourteenth letter: Sääd Name of letter: S ää d Pronunciation: s Pronounced like the English ‘ s ’, but much heavier – sounds like the ‘ s ’ in ‘ sauce ’. Saad is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. ص صـ ـصــص ص صـ ـصـ ـص Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

18. ض Fifteenth letter: Dhd Fifteenth letter: Dhääd Name of letter: Dh ää d Pronunciation: dh Should be pronounced as a heavy ‘ dh ’. In writing it acts like its sister letter ‘ saad ’, so its written exactly the same way except that it has one dot above it. ض ضـ ـضــض ض ضـ ـضـ ـض Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

19. ط Sixteenth letter: T Sixteenth letter: Tää Name of letter: Tää Pronunciation: t Pronounced like the English ‘t’, but much heavier. Taa is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. ط طـ ـطــط ط طـ ـطـ ـط Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

20. ظ Seventeenth letter: Dh Seventeenth letter: Dhä Name of letter: Dhä Pronunciation: th Pronounced like the English ‘th’ as in the word ‘the’, but much heavier. In writing it acts like its sister letter ‘taa’, so its written exactly the same way except that it has one dot above it. ظ ظـ ـظــظ ظ ظـ ـظـ ـظ Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

21. ع Eighteenth letter: Ain Name of letter: Ain Pronunciation: A In pronouncing this letter the muscles of the throat should be tightened causing the passage to become constricted and resulting in a ‘squeezed’ sound. Ain is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. ع عـ ـعــع ع عـ ـعـ ـع Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

22. غ Ninteenth letter: Ghin Ninteenth letter: Ghäin Name of letter: Ghäin Pronunciation: gh This letter is basically a gargling sound. In writing it acts like its sister letter ‘ain’, so its written exactly the same way except that it has one dot above it. غ غـ ـغــغ غ غـ ـغـ ـغ Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

23. ف Twentieth letter: Faa Name of letter: Faa Pronunciation: f Equivalent to the consonant ‘f’ in English. Faa is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. Note: In writing, the loop of ‘faa’ is modified so that the writing will flow from the preceding extension to the following letter. ف فـ ـفــف ف فـ ـفـ ـف Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

24. ق Twenty first letter: Qf Twenty first letter: Qääf Name of letter: Qääf Pronunciation: q Equivalent to the consonant ‘q’ in English only heavier. The independent form of qaaf is similar to that of ‘Faa’ except that the tail is rounded and extends below the line. ق قـ ـقــق ق قـ ـقـ ـق Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

25. ك Twenty second letter: Kaaf Name of letter: kaaf Pronunciation: k Equivalent to the consonant ‘k’ in English. Kaaf is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. ك كـ ـكــك ك كـ ـكـ ـك Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

26. ل Twenty third letter: Laam Name of letter: Laam Pronunciation: l Equivalent to the consonant ‘l’ in English. Laam is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. ل لـ ـلــل ل لـ ـلـ ـل Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

27. م Twenty forth letter: Meem Name of letter: Meem Pronunciation: m Equivalent to the consonant ‘m’ in English. Meem is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. م مـ ـمــم م مـ ـمـ ـم Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

28. ن Twenty fifth letter: Noon Name of letter: Noon Pronunciation: n Equivalent to the consonant ‘n’ in English. Noon is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. ن نـ ـنــن ن نـ ـنـ ـن Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

29. هـ Twenty sixth letter: Haa Name of letter: Haa Pronunciation: h Equivalent to the consonant ‘h’ in English. Haa is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. ه هـ ـهــه ه هـ ـهـ ـه Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

30. و Twenty seventh letter: Waaw Name of letter: Waaw Pronunciation: oo / w Acts under certain conditions as a long vowel ‘oo’, and in the other cases equivalent to ‘w’ in ‘why’. Waaw is a non-connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, but not the letter following it.. و و ـوـو و و ـو ـو Connective Form (of a non-connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

31. ي Twenty eighth letter: Yaa Name of letter: Yaa Pronunciation: ee / y Acts under certain conditions as a long vowel ‘ee’, and in the other cases equivalent to ‘y’ in English (as in ‘yet’). Yaa is a connecter meaning, it can be connected to the letter preceding it, and the letter following it. ي يـ ـيــي ي يـ ـيـ ـي Connective Form (of a connector) Stand Alone Form End of word Middle of word Beginning of word

32. أبتث جحخ دذر زسشص ضطظ عغ فق كلم ن هـ و ي سص Elevated Letter حَرْفُ اِسْتِعْلاء Lowered Letter حَرْفُ اِسْتِفال

33. أبتث جحخ دذر زسشص ضطظ عغ فق كلم ن هـ و ي تط Elevated Letter حَرْفُ اِسْتِعْلاء Lowered Letter حَرْفُ اِسْتِفال

34. أبتث جحخ دذر زسشص ضطظ عغ فق كلم ن هـ و ي كق Elevated Letter حَرْفُ اِسْتِعْلاء Lowered Letter حَرْفُ اِسْتِفال

35. أبتث جحخ دذر زسشص ضطظ عغ فق كلم ن هـ و ي ذظ Elevated Letter حَرْفُ اِسْتِعْلاء Lowered Letter حَرْفُ اِسْتِفال