1. Lead Acid vs. Lithium Ion
Shaun Mayea
Ben Monson
Tom Hamlik
Simeon Brown

2. Lead Acid Batteries

3. Lead Acid Electrochemistry

4. Lead Acid Standard vs. Deep Cycle
Both car batteries and deep cycle batteries are lead-acid batteries that use exactly the same chemistry for their.
Starting (sometimes called SLI, for starting, lighting, ignition)
large current for a very short time.
large number of thin plates maximize surface area. The plates are composed of a Lead "sponge "
if deep cycled, sponge will quickly be consumed and fall to the bottom of the cells.
generally fail after cycles if deep cycled.
Deep cycle
steady current over a long period of time
designed to be discharged down as much as 80% time after time,
have much thicker plates. SOLID Lead plates - not sponge.
less surface area, less "instant" power like starting batteries need. Although these an be cycled down to 20% charge.

5. Typical battery ratings:
CCA (Cold Cranking Amps) - The number of amps that the battery can produce at 32 degrees F (0 degrees C) for 30 seconds
RC (Reserve Capacity) - The number of minutes that the battery can deliver 25 amps while keeping its voltage above 10.5 volts
Typically, a deep cycle battery will have two or 3x the RC of a car battery, but will deliver 1/2 or 3/4 the CCAs. In addition, a deep cycle battery can withstand several hundred total discharge/recharge cycles, while a car battery is not designed to be totally discharged.

6. Lithium Ion Pack

7. Lithium Ion Electrochemistry

8. Gaining importance in electric powertrain and grid storage
Types of Lithium Ion
Chemical Name
Material
Abbreviation
Short form
Notes
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (Also lithium-ion-cobalt)
LICoO2
LCO
Li-cobalt
High capacity; for cell phone laptop, camera
Lithium Manganese Oxide (also Lithium-ion-manganese)
LIMn2O4
LMO
LI-manganese
Most safe; lower capacity than Li-cobalt but high specific power and long life Power tools, e-bikes, EV, medical, hobbyist.
Lithium Iron Phosphate
LiFePO4
LFP
Li-phosphate
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide
LiNiMnCoO2
NMC
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide
LiNiCoAlo2
NCA
Gaining importance in electric powertrain and grid storage
Lithium Titanate
li4Ti5O12
LTO
Li-titanate

9. Lithium Ion Charge Cycle
Charging
Lead Acid Charge Cycle
Lithium Ion Charge Cycle

10. Cycling Depth of Discharge
The 2 tables compare the number of discharge/charge cycles a battery can deliver at various DoD levels before the battery is worn out. Assume end of life, when the battery capacity drops to 70 percent.
Deep Cycle SLA
Depth of Discharge
Discharge Cycles
100% DoD
175
50% DoD
450
25% DoD
1250
10% DoD
2000
Lithium Ion
Depth of Discharge
Discharge Cycles
100% DoD
500
50% DoD
1500
25% DoD
2500
10% DoD
4700

11. Cost

12. Weight Voltage V Cost $ Weight Lbs. 2V $10.00-15.00 .5-1 lbs 4V$
lbs 6V $
2-150 lbs 8V
$28.00
2 lbs
12V $
lbs
Car > 20 lbs
Voltage V
Cost $
Weight Lbs.
Racing 12.8V
$420.00
1.95 lbs
Racing 16 V
$1,051.00
4.44 lbs
Car 12.8v
$525.00
4 lbs and 7in x 6in x 3in dimensions
Marine 12V
$630.00
4.14 lbs
Marine 12.8V
$936.00
Marine 16V
$1,262.00
6.12 lbs
Marine 25.6V
$1,995.00
20 lbs

13. Energy densities of common battery chemistries.

14. What could this mean for our Zap car
Offers at least 4Xthe life of standard lead-acid batteries and 2X the driving range. The new
Drop-in replacement battery system that fits in the same space as the OEM lead acid batteries used in many of ZAP’s vehicles
ZAP estimates lead-acid batteries have cycles of discharging and recharging, compared to 2,000 cycles for lithium.
Customers should see improved acceleration and handling of their vehicles with the lighter-weight, higher-voltage batteries.
Chart - ZAP Lithium Battery System vs. Lead-Acid