1. DOE Microgrid Initiatives Networked Energy Concepts and Challenges
Defense Distributed Energy and Military Microgrids
Steve Bossart, Senior Energy Analyst
U.S. Department of Energy
National Energy Technology Laboratory
June 1, 2012

2. Topics DOE OE Mission Microgrid Concepts Challenges
DOE Microgrid Program & Projects
Microgrid R&D Needs

3. DOE OE Mission

4. Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
DOE OE Mission
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
Lead national efforts to modernize the electric grid;
Enhance security and reliability of the infrastructure; and
Facilitate recovery from disruptions to energy supply
Accelerate the deployment and integration of advanced communication, control, and information technologies that are needed to modernize the nation‘s electric delivery network
Three divisions in OE
R&D – modernize grid
Permitting, Siting, and Analysis – ensure reliability and security
Infrastructure Security and Energy Restoration – restore energy supply
Goal of R&D is to accelerate the transition to a smart grid by integrating grid data, communications and controls.

5. DOD/DOE MOU
Cooperation in a Strategic Partnership to Enhance Energy Security July 22, 2010 Energy efficiency, renewable energy, water efficiency, fossil fuels, alternative fuels, efficient transportation and fueling infrastructure, grid security, smart grid, storage, waste-to-energy, basic science, mobile/deployable power, small modular nuclear reactor

6. Microgrid Concepts

7. Microgrid and OE’s Performance Target
Definition by
Microgrid Exchange Group
OE’s 2020 Performance Target
A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.
Develop commercial scale (<10MW) microgrid systems capable of reducing outage time of required loads by >98% at a cost comparable to non-integrated baseline solutions (UPS + diesel genset), while reducing emissions by >20% and improving system energy efficiencies by >20%
Definition developed by the Microgrid Exchange Group (MEG)—a group of individuals working on microgrid deployment and research
Key attributed are underlined.
Doe developed long term performance targets as the first step in a microgrid research effort
Required loads include such things as hospitals, police & fire, data centers, military facilities, telecom switch centers, some industrial processes 7

8. Various Microgrid Configurations Possible
Consumer Microgrid—single consumer with demand resources on consumer side of the point of delivery, (e.g. sports stadium)
Community Microgrid— multiple consumers with demand resources on consumer side of the point of delivery, local objectives, consumer owned, (e.g., campus, etc.)
Utility Microgrid—supply resources on utility side with consumer interactions, utility objectives
Microgrids are “Local Energy Networks”

9. Microgrid Markets Municipalities University campuses
1327 in the US, 961 under 300,000 residents
University campuses
8,520 in the US
Military facilities (25% renewables goal)
440 facilities worldwide
Industrial and commercial parks
~15,000 in the US with a capital size of $10M to $100M
Utilities with special needs
Over 900 rural electric cooperatives, over 1200 municipal utilities, ~250 investor-owned utilities, and many public power utilities
Other campuses (hospital, state agencies, etc) - Not quantified to date

10. Microgrids & Smart Grids
Central
Generation
Transmission
Load
Distributed Generation
E-Storage
Distribution
Microgrid

11. A Possible Future Distribution Architecture
Municipal Microgrid
Distribution Control
Utiility Microgrid
Military Microgrid
Industrial
Microgrid
Campus Microgrid
Commercial Park
Microgrid

12. Some Challenges and Risks

13. Challenges to a Smart Grid
Businesses, state regulators, and consumer advocates are unconvinced of the value of smart grid technologies due to lack of performance data on costs and benefits
Insufficient or inadequate technologies, components, and systems to leverage IT potential of smart grid
No established standards for interoperability of systems and components
Insufficient cyber security for a smart grid architecture
Lack of a skilled workforce to build, install, operate, and maintain systems and equipment
Consumer understanding of the electrical infrastructure and opportunities enabled by smart grid technologies
Change management – vision, alignment, education, metrics
Future proofing – communications
Shift in regulatory paradigm – least cost, “used and useful”
All that sounds easy. But there are barriers whenever you introduce new technologies to an existing system
There are no well defined benefits – yet
Standards for interoperability are under development
Cyber security is a concern
New skills are needed in the existing workforce

14. OE Program Addresses Key Barriers
Barriers to Smart Grid
Inadequate Technologies & Components
No Standards for
Interoperability
Insufficient
Cyber Security
Lack of a Skilled
Workforce
Lack of a Strong Business Case
Uninformed
Consumers
Federal
Smart Grid
Task Force
Smart Grid R&D
Cyber Security
For Energy
Delivery
Smart Grid
Stakeholder
Books
Smart Grid
Investment
Grants
Energy Storage
R&D
Workforce
Training
Development
Grants
Interoperability
Standards
Smartgrid.com
Smart Grid
Websites
OE Activities
Clean Energy
Transmission
Reliability
Smart Grid
Demonstration
Program
Infrastructure
Security and
Energy
Restoration
SGIG &SGDP
In the work that we are doing, we are addressing and hopefully diminishing some of the primary barriers
For example
To make the business case we are collecting and analyzing data from our projects
We are demonstrating these new technologies
We are working with NIST on standards
We are developing workforce through our grants program
Stakeholder
Engagement
Process
Smart Grid
Information
Clearinghouse
Smart Grid
Development
NARUC
FERC
NIST
Smart
Response
Collaborative
DOE EERE
Programs
EPRI
DHS S&T
DHS NCSD
NIST
DOD Spiders
NERC
State Training
- California
- Arkansas
- Colorado
- Wyoming
- Northern
Plains and
Rocky Mtn
Consortium
Utility
Programs
SmartGrid
Consumer
Collaborative
NARUC
NIST
APPA
DOE ARPA-E
FERC
Other Activities
NRECA
DOD Spiders
EPRI
The Galvin
Initiative
ISGAN
PSERC

15. DOE OE Microgrid Field Projects

16. DOE-OE Primary Microgrid Field Projects
Renewable and Distributed Systems Integration Projects
Mon Power - West Virginia Super Circuit
Chevron Energy Solutions - CERTS Microgrid Demo
City of Fort Collins MW Mixed Distributed Resources
Illinois Institute of Technology - IIT Perfect Power Demo
San Diego Gas & Electric - Borrego Springs Microgrid
Smart Grid Demonstration Projects (ARRA)
Battelle – Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration
LA Dept. of Water & Power Smart Grid Regional Demo
Southern California Edison Irvine Smart Grid Demo

17. DOE OE Primary Microgrid Project Locations
SDG&E
Battelle
SCE Ft
Collins
Chevron
Mon
Power
IIT
LADWP
RDSI
SGDP

19. Smart Grid Demonstration Program (SGDP)
Number of Projects
Selected Projects
Total Funding
$1,647,637,256
Total Federal Funding
$620,027,274
Total Number of Projects 32
Demonstrate emerging technologies (including energy storage) and alternative architectures
Validate business models
Address regulatory and scalability issues
Large projects: $20M-$89M Small projects: $720K-$20M (Federal share)
4-year projects (average)
SGDP Recipient Types
The 600 million dollars for the demos focus primarily on
EMERGING TECHNOLGIES
And validating these technologies and the business case for them
Non-Profit, 9%

20. Common Objectives Among DOE’s Microgrid Projects
Reduce peak load
Benefits of integrated DER (i.e., DG, DR, e-storage)
Ability to integrate variable renewables
Operate in “islanding” and “grid parallel” modes
Import and export capabilities
Two-way communications (frequency, verification, data latency)
Data management
Price-driven demand response
Dynamic feeder reconfiguration
Outage management (i.e., number, duration, and extent)
Volt/VAR/frequency control
Balance distributed and central control
Cyber security
Interconnection and interoperability
Defer generation, transmission, and distribution investments

21. Common Technologies Among DOE’s Microgrid Projects
Renewable energy (PV, wind)
Distributed generation (microturbines, fuel cells, diesel)
Combined heat and power
Energy storage (thermal storage, batteries)
Communications (wireless, PLC, internet)
Advanced metering infrastructure & smart meters
T&D equipment health monitors (transformers)
Plug-in electric vehicles and charging stations (PHEV/PEV)
Smart appliances & programmable thermostats
Home Area Networks & In-Home Displays
Energy management systems

22. Microgrid R&D Program

23. CERTS Microgrid Test Bed
Objective
Expand CERTS Microgrid concepts to address system integration challenges presented by need to accommodate intermittent, distributed renewable electricity sources within utility distribution systems.
Technical Scope
The CERTS Microgrid Test Bed is being expanded through the addition of new hardware elements: (1) a CERTS compatible conventional synchronous generator; (2) a more flexible energy management system for dispatch; (3) intelligent load shedding; (4) a commercially available, stand-alone electricity storage device with CERTS controls; and (5) a PV emulator and inverter with CERTS controls.
The concepts are explored initially through detailed simulation and bench-scale tests at UW and then demonstrated at full-scale using the CERTS Microgrid Test Bed operated by American Electric Power in Groveport, OH.
The CERTS Microgrid test bed was set up several years ago to demonstrate the viability of the microgrid concept and the CERTS microgrid controls. We are now expanding this effort by adding intermittent sources, storage and load shedding.
The Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) was formed in 1999 to research, develop, and disseminate new methods, tools, and technologies to protect and enhance the reliability of the U.S. electric power system and efficiency of competitive electricity markets. DER integration is one of the five research areas (the other four are: real-time grid reliability management, reliability and markets, load as a resource, and reliability technology issues and needs assessment). Research performers are drawn from 4 national labs, 9 universities, and 8 industry entities. 23

24. Smart Grid Interconnection and Interoperability Standards Development
Objective
To facilitate the evolution of the existing electric power system into a smart grid by supporting the development of standards and best practices
(Insert graphic here)
IEEE P1547.4
“MICROGRIDS”
Technical Scope
Development of national and international standards and best practices for electric power system interfaces, interconnection and interoperability requirements
Objective:
To facilitate the evolution of the existing electric power system (EPS) into a smart grid supporting the development of standards and best practices. These standards and best practices are related to the advancement of smart grid technologies and implementation via standardized interconnection, integration, and interoperability requirements, conformance test procedures, operating practices, and consumer education.
Technical Scope:
Develop, maintain, & harmonize national and international standards and best practices for electric power system interfaces, interconnection and interoperability requirements among the electric transmission and distribution systems, system markets, EPS operators, distributed energy resources (DER), customers, end-use applications and loads, including electric vehicles, energy storage and operations. 24

25. Energy Surety Microgrids
Objective
Use military bases to develop approaches for implementing high reliability microgrids because of immediate needs, interest, and funding to implement
Use cost/performance data and lessons learned from military efforts to accelerate commercial implementation
12 Bases evaluated, several more in process
Technical Scope
Over the last 3 years we have partnered with Sandia and a number of military facilities to explore microgrid viability and conceptual designs.
I would like to think that this work was the launching pad for SPIDERS
Use risk-based energy assessment to develop microgrids that:
Can use distributed and renewable energy resources
Will improve site energy infrastructure safety, security, and reliability
Enhance critical mission assurance at military bases

26. SPIDERS: Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy, Reliability, and Security
Objective
CAMP SMITH ENERGY ISLAND
Entire Installation Smart Micro-Grid
Islanded Installation
High Penetration of Renewables
Demand-Side Management
Redundant Backup Power
Makana Pahili Hurricane Exercise
PEARL-HICKAM CIRCUIT LVL DEMO
Renewables
Hydrogen Storage
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Energy Management
Cyber Test at INL
FT CARSON MICRO-GRID
Large Scale Renewables
Vehicle-to-Grid
Smart Micro-Grid
Critical Assets
CONUS Homeland Defense Demo
COOP Exercise
CYBER SECURITY BEST PRACTICES
TRANSITION
Template for DoD-wide implementation
CONOPS
TTPs
Training Plans
DoD Adds Specs to GSA Schedule
Transition to Commercial Sector
Transition Cyber-Security to Federal Sector and Utilities
STAIRWAY TO ENERGY SECURE INSTALLATIONS
RIGOROUS ASSESSMENT WITH RED TEAMING IN EACH PHASE
Improve reliability for mission-critical loads by connecting generators on a microgrid using existing distribution networks.
Reduce reliance on fuel for diesel power by using renewable energy sources during outages.
Increase efficiency of backup generators through coordinated operation on the microgrid.
Reduce operational risk for energy systems through a strong cyber security for the microgrid.
Enable flexible electrical energy by building microgrid architectures that can selectively energize loads during extended outages.
3 Microgrids of varying complexities with rigorous cyber security controls.
Dr. Jason Stamp of Sandia will be presenting the SPIDER project in detail tomorrow.
Technical Scope
DoD, DOE, and DHS collaborate to design and implement three separate microgrids supporting critical loads at DoD bases. Each one is slightly larger and more complex in scope than the previous. The sites include:
Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam, Fort Carson, Camp Smith
A key part of the project is the standardization of the design approach, contracting, installation, security, and operation of these microgrids to support future applications.

27. Microgrid R&D Needs

28. Smart Grid & Microgrid R&D Sources
Much of this presentation is derived from the DOE OE multiyear R&D plan covering It was originally published in 2010 and an update is under review prior to release.
The original smart grid R&D plan was created from discussions held at a smart grid roundtable meeting in December 2009 that included multiple types of stakeholders (e.g., national laboratories, utility commissioners, utilities, vendors). Stakeholders were divided into five R&D groups to focus on particular topics.
Guides R&D solicitations
Sets priorities
Sets interim goals
Measures progress

29. Development of Microgrid R&D Needs
Stakeholder Engagement
Convened a Workshop to further define:
Baseline performance
Areas of research needs
End goals (technical/cost targets and their significance)
Actionable plan to reach the targets (scope, schedule, participants, milestones)
Workshop Details
August 30-31, 2011
University of CA, San Diego
73 participants
Vendors, electric utilities, national labs, universities, research institutes, end users (including military bases, municipalities, and data centers), and consultants

30. List of High-Priority R&D Projects from the DOE Microgrid Workshop
Impactful R&D Areas
High-priority R&D Projects
Standards and Protocols
Universal Microgrid Communications and Control Standards
Microgrid Protection, Coordination, and Safety
Systems Design and Economic Analysis
Microgrid Multi-objective Optimization Framework
System Integration
Common Integration Framework for Cyber Security/Control/Physical Architectures
Switch Technologies
Legacy Grid-Connection Technologies to Enable Connect/Disconnect from Grid
Requirements based on Customer and Utility Needs
Control and Protection Technologies
Best Practices and Specifications for Protection and Controls
Reliable, Low-cost Protection
Inverters/Converters
Topologies & Control Algorithms for Multiple Inverters to Operate in a Microgrid
Advanced Power Electronics Technologies
These will be the areas that guide future microgrid R&D FOA.

31. Contact Information
Merrill Smith Program Manager Microgrid R&D U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Delivery and Energy Reliability (202)
Steve Bossart Senior Energy Analyst U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Lab (304)