1. Launch with Confidence Improving Website Performance and Scalability with Memcached Presented by: Shawn Smiley [Lead Architect]

2. About Me Shawn S. Smiley Lead Architect at Achieve Internet 15+ years experience in Internet software and hosting 5+ years with Drupal Recently married LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/shawnsmiley/ Twitter: @shawnsmiley 3

3. Agenda About Achieve  At a Glance  Key Clients  Achieve Services Intro to Caching  How it Works? What is Memcached? When and Why You Should Use It?  Performance and Stats Minimal Setup  Components of a Memcache Solution  PECL Memcache vs Memcached  Commands Verifying and Troubleshooting  Minimal Install Verification Distributed Configurations  When to Use It  Types  Configuration  Tuning Tips Are There Alternatives? Conclusion Q&A 4

4. Achieve at a Glance legal name founded headquarters leadership mission primary contact info Achieve Internet, Inc. 1998 1767 Grand Avenue, Suite #2 | San Diego, CA 92109 | U.S.A. Ron Huber, Chief Executive Officer Achieve leverages best-in-class Open Source web application development experience, and tools to create optimized platforms for enterprise clients. 800.618.8777 | info@achieveinternet.com Achieve is a leading software development company that leverages Drupal to develop advanced enterprise web and mobile solutions for an array of clients in varying verticals. Achieve has a singular goal: To help you launch your advanced digital platforms with confidence. Our ethos is “it’s not magic, it’s excellence,” and our all-star developers deliver on that promise with every new project we take on by consistently exceeding client expectations. 5

5. Key Clients: Media & Entertainment clients 6

6. Additional Key Clients clients 7

7. Achieve Services Achieve builds custom enterprise IT management systems to solve the most complex business challenges. Achieve makes integration easy so you can focus on what is most important to your business – your customers. Optimize the performance of your web site or application to increase productivity and streamline operations. Achieve has vast experience in creating global web solutions that far out perform the competition. ‘Going Mobile’ is no longer an option. With Achieve you won’t have to compromise design for utility. Application Development Platform Integration Infrastructure Services Globalization Services Mobility & End User Services 8

8. Intro to Caching 9

9. A cache is a system that stores the results of some processing for repeated later use. Example in Drupal is the page cache. Utilized via the cache_set() and cache_get() Drupal API calls. Caches in Drupal are Key/Value pairs. 10

10. Intro to Caching: How it Works? REQUEST CHECK CACHE CACHE_ GET() QUERY CACHE RETURN CACHED DATA 11

11. Intro to Caching: How it Works? REQUEST CHECK CACHE CACHE_ GET() QUERY CACHE GENERAT E DATA CACHE_SET() SAVE CACHE RETURN CACHED DATA 12

12. What is Memcached? 13

13. What is Memcached? “Memcached is an in-memory key-value store for small chunks of arbitrary data (strings, objects) from results of database calls, API calls, or page rendering.” – memcached.org A system to cache data in RAM rather than in database. Replaces Drupal’s default database cache. Just one component of your high performance scalable architecture. 14

14. When & Why Should You Use It? 15

15. Why Use Memcached? Improves cache read/write performance Reduces the number of database queries Reduces database load Can improve page load performance* Allows distributing the cache load to separate servers Moves the threshold for performance degradation to a higher number of concurrent users. * By itself, Memcache.d won’t provide a significant performance improve on low traffic sites. The page load performance boost comes mostly from offloading work from your database server so that the system can handle more requests. 16

16. Performance Stats Performance & Scalability Cache read performance: 4X Faster Cache write performance: 60X Faster Actual statistics* (Drupal core vs. Memcached) 1000 Cache write operations: 12 seconds vs. 0.2 seconds 1000 Cache read operations: 0.4 seconds vs. 0.1 seconds DB queries: 3028 vs. 13 * Cache Read/Write stats are for performing 2,000 operations (1,000 write, 1,000 read) * Your results will vary, tests performed on a single AWS instance with default D7 install 17

17. Performance Stats 18

18. Performance Degradation Threshold 19 NOTE: This is an idealized graph of the average change in response time across several projecs.

19. When to (or not) use Memcached Use Memcached when: Significant portion of site traffic is authenticated users or when static page caching isn’t an option. Have adequate server resources to allocate to Memcached without negatively impacting other services. Have enough traffic to make a difference. Don’t use Memcached when: Site is completely anonymous traffic Static caching is better for this (such as Varnish or Boost) Low traffic sites that are not straining server resources Probably won’t see any noticeable benefit and have increased the complexity of the system. Severely resource constrained single server hosting Can negatively impact performance/scalability in this case. 20

20. Setup 21

21. Components of Memcached Solution Memcached Daemon (v 1.4.x) PHP Extension PECL Memcache (> 3.x) PECL Memcached (> 2.x) TIP: Use the setting “memcache_extension” to select which library to use if you have both installed. Memcache Module Drupal 8, Drupal 7.9+, Pressflow 6, or Drupal 6 with core patch 22

22. PECL Memcache vs. Memcached PECL MemcachePECL Memcached Stable, not as frequently updatedNewer, more features Easy to installMore complicated install with multiple dependencies Lower PHP memory footprint in some cases. Can be slightly faster in some cases Slightly better for single server Memcached daemon installations. Slightly better for distributed or clustered Memcached daemon installations. igbinary support * Generally, we default to PECL Memcache unless a project can take advantage of the additional features provided by PECL Memcached. 23

23. Minimal Install: Commands (Ubuntu) Enable apt multiverse repositories sudo apt-get install php-pear build-essential sudo apt-get install memcached sudo apt-get install php5-memcache drush dl memcache devel 24

24. Minimal Install: Daemon Configuration /etc/memcached.conf (or /etc/default/memcached) Configuration file for the memcached daemon Important settings: -m 64 Amount of memory in MB to allocate. -p 11211 TCP/IP Port to listen for cache requests on. -l 127.0.0.1 IP Address to listen for cache requests on. 25

25. Determining Memcached size Look at the data size of all cache* tables in your DB. Use this handy query to get the total size: SELECT count(*) TABLES, sum(table_rows) ROWS, concat(round(sum(data_length)/(1024*1024),2),'MB') DATA, concat(round(sum(index_length)/(1024*1024),2),'MB') idx, concat(round(sum(data_length+index_length)/(1024*1024),2),'MB') total_size FROM information_schema.TABLES WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA=’dbname' AND TABLE_NAME LIKE "cache%" Total memory allocated to Memcached should be at least the size returned in the “DATA” column. I usually like to add at least 50% to this size to start with. 26

26. Note about Memcached security Basically there are no security controls in Memcached. Any user or application that can establish a TCP connection to the Memcached daemon can access all data stored within Memcached. Security Best Practices: Always set the daemon to listen on a specific IP address/network interface. Use 127.0.0.1 if there is only 1 Memcached server and it is running on the same server as the web server. Use iptables or other firewall to restrict access to the Memcached TCP/IP Port(s). 27

27. Minimal Install: Drupal Settings.php // Required minimum settings. $conf['cache_backends'][] = 'sites/all/modules/contrib/memcache/memcache.inc'; $conf['cache_default_class'] = 'MemCacheDrupal'; $conf['cache_class_cache_form'] = 'DrupalDatabaseCache'; // Optional, but recommended settings. $conf['memcache_key_prefix'] = 'ai_'; // Remember about 250 byte key size limit. $conf['lock_inc'] = 'sites/all/modules/contrib/memcache/memcache-lock.inc'; $conf['memcache_stampede_protection'] = TRUE; // The following are required only if Memcached is on a different server. $conf['memcache_servers’] = array(’10.11.12.13:11211' => 'default'); $conf['memcache_bins’] = array('cache' => 'default'); // Only if both PECL Memcache and Memcached are installed. $conf['memcache_extension'] = 'Memcache'; 28

28. Minimal Install: Drupal Configuration Drupal Performance Settings 29

29. Verifying & Troubleshooting 30

30. Minimal Install: Verifying Memcache Admin Module Adds configuration page at Configuration => Memcached Enable the option “Show Memcache statistics” to see a log of all Memcached calls on each page. Devel Module Enable the Query Logging option. Memcache Admin UIs: http://livebookmark.net/journal/2008/05/21/memcachephp- stats-like-apcphp/ https://code.google.com/p/phpmemcacheadmin/ 31

31. Minimal Install: Verifying - Memcache Enable the module “Memcache Admin” Config page at Configuration => Memcache Enable the option “Show Memcache statistics” to see a log of all Memcached calls on each page. 32

32. Minimal Install: Verifying - Devel In Devel Settings, enable “Display query log” Reload pages, you’ll see a list of all queries executed Ensure there are no calls to any “cache*” tables (other than cache_form) Ensure there are no calls to the “semaphore” table (lock.inc) 33

33. Minimal Install: Verifying – Admin UIs Demo Drupal Memcache Statistics memcache.php Memcache Admin 34

34. Distributed Configurations 35

35. Distributed Install: Overview When to use Types of distributed installs Configuration Steps 36

36. Distributed Install: When To Use It High traffic sites making more cache requests than a single instance can efficiently handle. The default config of a Memcached daemon will support up to 1,024 simultaneous connection requests. Large caches where it makes sense to separate out cache data by type or update frequency (e.g. cache_menu is usually pretty static whereas the default cache could be constantly changing) I start looking at this as an option when the memory allocation for Memcached starts getting over 128MB. 37

37. Distributed Install: Types Multi-server/Clustered Distributes cache load across multiple Memcached servers. Allows for handling larger numbers of cache operations. Useful for high traffic sites. NOTE: Caches are not replicated between multiple servers by default. Multi-bin Segments different types of caches to different servers. Useful for very large caches with varying characteristics (e.g. segmenting mostly read-only caches from caches that are frequently updated) Hybrid You can combine both of the above approaches (e.g. have multiple bins with each bin spread across multiple servers). 38

38. Distributed Install: Configuration Server configuration is same as the basic install, just on multiple servers. Make sure the Memcached daemon is configured to listen on each servers external IP address (not 127.0.0.1). All daemons within a cluster should be configured with the same memory allocation. You can have multiple Memcached daemons running on a single server. Just use different ports. 39

39. Distributed Install: Configuration Additional settings needed in the site settings.php file // Must be exactly the same on all web servers. $conf['memcache_servers' = array( '10.11.12.13:11211' => 'default', '10.11.12.14:11211' => 'default', '10.11.12.15:11211' => 'my_readonly_bin', ); $conf['memcache_bins’] = array( 'cache' => 'default', // must specify if setting this variable. 'cache_bootstrap' => 'my_readonly_bin', 'cache_menu' => 'my_readonly_bin', 'cache_path' => 'my_readonly_bin', ); // If using PECL Memcached. $conf['memcache_options'] = array( Memcached::OPT_DISTRIBUTION => Memcached::DISTRIBUTION_CONSISTENT, ); 40

40. Tuning Tips Watch the “Available Memory”, “Evictions” (==0), and “reclaimed” (==0) stats to determine if memory allocation needs to be adjusted. Watch “Max Connection Errors” (==0), “Accepting Connections” (==1), “Connection Yields” (==0), and “Listen Disabled Number” (==0) to determine when you need to move from a single memcached server to multiple servers. Tip: See this page for a description of various stat counters: http://www.pal-blog.de/entwicklung/perl/memcached-statistics-stats- command.html 41

41. Alternatives 42

42. Are There Alternatives? Redis (https://drupal.org/project/redis) Great for persistent or replicated caches. Supports additional caching options such as structured data caching. More efficient support for selective cache delete/expiration. Nice comparison to Memcache: http://noblogdeffound.blogspot.com/2013/04/memcached-vs- redis-comparison-name.html MongoDB Cache (https://drupal.org/project/mongodb) Great for extremely large caches or when a large amount of data must be stored in a single cache key. 43

43. Conclusion By adding Memcached to our hosting solution we: Reduced the number of database queries. Reduced the load on our database servers. Reduced the amount of time the site spends accessing cached data. Reduced the rendering time for page requests. Improved the overall scalability of the site. 44

44. Thank You Shawn Smiley  Lead Engineer  shawn.smiley@achieveinternet.com  Drupal: shawn_smiley  800.618.8777

45. Connect with Achieve If you have any further questions or would like to get in touch with Achieve you can do so on these various channels: 46 info@achieveinternet.com linkedin.com/company/Achieve-Internet plus.google.com/101805819007866218919 @AchieveInternet facebook.com/pages/Achieve-Internet

46. Q & A 47