2. Welding Fumes v What Are Welding Fumes ? v Health Hazards v MSHA Regulations v Sampling Methods v Controls

3. Welding Fumes v What Are Welding Fumes ? v Health Hazards v MSHA Regulations v Sampling Methods v Controls

4. What Are Welding Fumes ? vWelding Causes Solid Metal To Vaporize FUME vAs Vaporized Metal Cools, It Condenses To Reform As Solid Particles - FUME vFumes Are Very Small Particles - - Usually Much Smaller Than Dust l Dust Usually Larger Than 1 Micron l Fumes Can Be As Small As 1/1,000 Micron vUnless Captured And Removed, Fumes Remain Suspended In Air Indefinitely

5. Composition of Welding Fumes vComposition Varies Depending On: l Material Being Welded l Welding Process, Rod, Electrode Type l Coatings On Material, Rod, Electrode vTypical Welding Fume Constituents: l Aluminum, Cadmium, Chromium, Iron, Moly l Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Tin, Lead l Nickel, Arsenic, Mercury, Vanadium, l Beryllium, Magnesium, Titanium, vMay Be Metal or Oxide

6. Welding Fumes v What Are Welding Fumes ? v Health Hazards v MSHA Regulations v Sampling Methods v Controls

7. Exposure Primarily By Inhalation

8. Exposure Primarily By Inhalation Fumes Are 100% Respirable

9. Exposure Primarily By Inhalation Fumes Are 100% Respirable What Does “Respirable” Mean ?

11. How Do You Know What You Are Being Exposed To ? Hazards ? vSupplier Or Equipment Manufacturer vMaterial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) vAssume Paint Contains Lead vAssume Corrosion Resistant Coatings Contain Zinc Or Cadmium vAssume Wear Materials Contain Manganese vAssume High Strength Steel Contains Chrome, Manganese, Moly, Nickel

12. Welding Fume Toxicity Kidney Nervous Liver GI Lung Aluminum X X Beryllium X Cadmium X X X X Chromium X X X X Cobalt X X X Copper X X Iron X X X X Lead X X X Manganese X X Nickel X X Zinc X X

13. Welding Fume Toxicity vAcute Toxicity l Exposure To High Concentration Over Relatively Short Time l Symptoms Appear Relatively Quickly After Exposure vChronic Toxicity l Exposure To Lower Concentration Over Long Time (Months, Years) l Symptoms Appear Long After Initial Exposure

14. Welding Fume Toxicity vExposure Usually Involves More Than One Metal Additive l Toxic Effects May Be Additive vExamples l Blood - Manganese and Lead l CNS - Manganese and Lead l Kidney - Lead and Cadmium l Respiratory System - Magnesium, Manganese, Copper, and Zinc

15. Welding Fume Toxicity vMetal Fume Fever l Symptoms Are Fever, Chills, Shaking l Symptoms Appear 4-12 Hrs After Exp. l Recovery Usually Within 1 Day l Usually Associated With Brief High Inhalation Exposure To Zinc, But Magnesium & Copper Also May Cause l Daily Exposure May Confer Immunity l Symptoms May Return If Exposure Interrupted (3-Day Weekend)

16. Welding Fume Toxicity vWelding Fumes Can Cause Cancer l Arsenic (Lung, Lymphatic) l Beryllium (Lung) l Cadmium (Prostatic and Lung) l Chromium (Lung) l Nickel (Lung) vWelders May Also Be Exposed To: l Silica, Asbestos, Ozone l Thermal Decomposition of Paint, Flux, Electrode Coatings (CO, CO 2, NO, NO 2, HCN, COCl 2, Fluoride Gases, Smoke, Etc.)

17. Welding Fumes v What Are Welding Fumes ? v Health Hazards v MSHA Regulations v Sampling Methods v Controls

18. MSHA Regulations § 56/57.5001 § 56/57.5001 Exposure Limits §56/57.5002 §56/57.5002 Monitoring §56/57.5005 §56/57.5005 Controls §56/57.14213(b) §56/57.14213(b) Ventilation §56/57.20011 §56/57.20011 Barricades, Warnings Part 46 and Part 48 Part 46 and Part 48 Training

19. MSHA Regulations § 56/57.5001 § 56/57.5001 Establishes Exposure Limits For Airborne Contaminants l TWA 8 And Ceiling Limits Listed In 1973 ACGIH Booklet of Threshold Limit Values (TLV’s) u TWA 8 Time Weighted Average For 8 Hrs u Ceiling Limits Cannot Be Exceeded For Any Length Of Time l ACGIH 1973 TLV Booklet References 1968 “PA Rules” For Short Term Limits

20. MSHA Regulations §56/57.5002 §56/57.5002 Dust, Gas, Mist, And Fume Surveys Shall Be Conducted As Frequently As Necessary To Determine The Adequacy Of Control Measures §56/57.5005 §56/57.5005 Control of Harmful Airborne Contaminants Shall Be, Insofar As Feasible, By Engineering Controls l Respirators Permitted Under Certain Circumstances

21. MSHA Regulations §56/57.14213(b) §56/57.14213(b) All Welding Operations Shall Be Well Ventilated §56/57.20011 §56/57.20011 Areas Where Health or Safety Hazards Exist That Are Not Immediately Obvious Shall Be Barricaded Or Warning Signs Posted Part 46 and Part 48 Part 46 and Part 48 Training

22. Welding Fumes v What Are Welding Fumes ? v Health Hazards v MSHA Regulations v Sampling Methods v Controls

23. Sampling Methods §56/57.5001 §56/57.5002 vFor Compliance With §56/57.5001 And §56/57.5002 vFull Shift Or Short Term

24. Sampling Methods §56/57.5001 §56/57.5002 vFor Compliance With §56/57.5001 And §56/57.5002 vFull Shift Or Short Term vSample Pump, Pump Calibrator, Filters

25. Sampling Methods §56/57.5001 §56/57.5002 vFor Compliance With §56/57.5001 And §56/57.5002 vFull Shift Or Short Term vSample Pump, Pump Calibrator, Filters vPlace Filter In Breathing Zone Under Hood

26. Sampling Methods §56/57.5001 §56/57.5002 vFor Compliance With §56/57.5001 And §56/57.5002 vFull Shift Or Short Term vSample Pump, Pump Calibrator, Filters vPlace Filter In Breathing Zone Under Hood vPump Draws Air Over Filter; Contaminants Captured On Filter

27. Sampling Methods vAnalytic Lab Determines Weights Of Individual Contaminants On Filter vWeights Converted To Concentrations

28. Sampling Methods vAnalytic Lab Determines Weights Of Individual Contaminants On Filter vWeights Converted To Concentrations vMeasured Concentration Compared To Established Exposure Limit l Measured Less Than Limit - - No Action Req’d l Measured Over Limit - - Implement Controls

29. Welding Fumes v What Are Welding Fumes ? v Health Hazards v MSHA Regulations v Sampling Methods v Controls

30. Controls (§56/57.5005) vFeasible Engineering Controls vPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE) As Means Of Compliance l PPE Allowed As Means Of Compliance Only In Limited Situations u Where Feasible Engineering Controls Do Not Exist u While Installing Engr. Controls u Occasional Entry Into Hazardous Atmosphere For Maintenance

31. Engineering Controls vGeneral Ventilation l Natural or Mechanically Induced (Fans) Airflow pushed Or Pulled Over Work Area That Dilutes and Carries Away Contaminants

32. General Ventilation vOutdoors - Wind vIndoors l Open Shop Doors/Windows l Fans: Fixed - Roof, Walls, Windows l Fans: Portable l Blow Fresh Air Into Work Area, But Don’t Blow Fumes Into Welder’s Breathing Zone l Need Provision For “Make Up” Air

33. Engineering Controls vLocal Exhaust Ventilation l Captures and Removes Airborne Contaminants Before They Escape Into Workplace Air l Local Exhaust Always Preferred For Toxic Airborne Contaminants

34. Local Exhaust Ventilation vCapture Hood & Fixed Duct System

35. Local Exhaust Ventilation vPortable “Fume Eliminator”

36. Local Exhaust Ventilation vDown Draft Table

38. Respiratory Protection vAir Purifying Or Supplied Air l May Be Integral With Welding Hood vNIOSH Part 84 Approved For Fumes

39. Welder’s Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Half-Mask Cartridge Respirator Supplied-Air Respirator

40. Respiratory Protection vAir Purifying Or Supplied Air l May Be Integral With Welding Hood vNIOSH Part 84 Approved For Fumes vRespirator Use Must Include Implementation of Respiratory Protection Program (See ANSI Z88.2-1969) l Written Procedures on Selection and Use l Respirator Training and Fit Testing l Respirator Inspection, Cleaning, Storage l Workplace Surveillance l Medical Evaluation Recommended

41. Thank You