1. Using Quotations Purposefully

2. SHER(P) your quotes Keep them as Short as possible Don’t re-tell the story; precisely explain How the words contribute Embed them smoothly Discuss a Range of literary features

3. (P) Pull related quotations together to discuss a pattern of expression

4. ‘Brevity is wit’ Identify with precision 1-6 words (fewer is better) ‘Longer quote exception ’

5. ‘Brevity is wit’ Odysseus is depicted as a worn but resilient character. When delivering Zeus’s message to Calypso, Hermes states that “Zeus claims you keep beside you a most unlucky man, most harried of all who fought for Priam’s Troy nine years, sacking the city in the tenth,” (155, ln 117- 120).

6. ‘Brevity is wit’ Odysseus is depicted as a worn but resilient character. When delivering Zeus’s message to Calypso, Hermes describes him as “most unlucky” and the “most harried of all who fought” at Troy (p. 155; ln 117, 118).

7. Analyze not Summarize Dickens says Coketown is a town full of factories and their chimneys: “It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys.” Dickens creates a picture of Coketown as a grim, dirty and depressing place when he says that “It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys”.

8. How does it contribute? ideas  modes of expression  conclusion Dickens creates a picture of Coketown as a grim, dirty and depressing place when he says that “It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys”. By choosing to mention two industrial features, both the cause and the outlet of pollution, he further emphasizes the pollution instead of the productivity.

9. Embedding Include them in your sentence so they sound almost like your own words: Dickens creates a picture of Coketown as a grim, dirty and depressing place full of “machinery and tall chimneys”.

10. Embedding Sometimes you will have to alter the words to fit smoothly into your sentence (pronouns, plurals, verb tenses): Calypso thinks that Zeus will “fume and make my life hell” (157). Calypso thinks that Zeus will “fume and make [her] life hell” (157).

11. Embedding Or you can Shorten the quote to make it fit… The speaker mentions that “I chose the one less traveled by…” The speaker mentions that he “chose the one less traveled by…”

12. It’s not a café! Don’t rely on simple connotations Comment on structure, images, sounds, stanza, line, caesura, long/short sentences, end-stopped, enjambment, metaphor, simile, personification, synaesthesia, hyperbole, alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, dissonance, etc.

13. Patterns: the bigger picture Related quotations Contrasts, Repetition, Progression The speaker talks about “unimagined estates” where “no one you know” is living and “shouting words you don’t understand.”

14. Ouch! “There is a pleasure in the pathless woods, / There is a rapture on the lonely shore. / There is society, where none intrudes,” (1- 3). These lines tell us that nature is alone and pure and wants to be in solitude. The diction being used in these lines such as, “pathless”, “lonely”, and “none intrudes” suggest that nature is pure in it’s on way and when no man is around to tamper with the untainted grounds.

15. short, embedded, range The speaker introduces nature with a list of positive nouns like “pleasure”, and “rapture,” both of which suggest tranquility and joy, even to the point of religious awe. The calm and peaceful mood is further developed through the anaphora of “There is”, with an emphasis on soft sounds (/th/, /s/), at the beginning of each line; the present tense reinforces a sense of permanence and tranquility.