1. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
-And how it affects evolution.

2. Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Predicts how gene frequencies (number of dominant and recessive alleles) will be transmitted from generation to generation.
The genes of a population are known as the gene pool.
The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that there will be no change in allele frequency of a population over time. This is called genetic equilibrium.

3. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Genetic equilibrium will not change over time-
Frequencies in each successive generation will be the same as the original parent generation.

4. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
There are five conditions that must be met for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium to occur in a population (no changes in allele frequencies):
large population
random mating
no mutations
no gene flow
no selection

5. Large Population
A large population is less likely to have random fluctuations change allele frequencies than smaller populations.
Small populations are more likely to experience genetic drift- change in allele frequency by chance
Think of a coin toss. The more you toss the coin, the greater your chances of flipping 50% heads and 50% tails.

6. Random Mating
Individuals must randomly mate with other individuals within a population.
Non-random mating will result in changes in allele frequency.

7. Non-Random Mating Types of non-random mating:
Assortative mating- choosing mates with similar phenotypes
Competition- some males compete for mates

8. Mutations Mutations- Spontaneous changes in an allele.
Increase variation in a population when old alleles change into new alleles.

9. Gene Flow Gene flow- caused by migration.
New alleles are introduced into a population when new individuals move in.
Alleles are removed from the population when individuals move out of a population.

10. Selection Natural selection tends to reduce genetic variability.
-Three types:
Stabilizing
Disruptive
Directional

11. Selection
Stabilizing selection eliminates those phenotypes most different from the norm, thus reducing the frequency of phenotypic extremes. (AA, aa)
Directional selection eliminates one extreme and moves the population toward the other. (AA or aa)
Disruptive selection eliminates average phenotypes and encourages the extremes. (Aa) This tends to result in distinct phenotypes in the same population.

12. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
For all populations to maintain equilibrium (no changes in allele frequencies over many generations) all five conditions must be met.
large population (no genetic drift)
random mating
no mutations
no gene flow
no selection

13. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
When one condition changes, the gene pool or allele frequency of the population will change.
These changes result in different genotypes and phenotypes (increased variation) in the population.

14. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
A population that is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will undergo natural selection because of genetic variation.
Natural selection will ultimately favor the most fit individual(s) in the population.
This will result in changes in a population over time- EVOLUTION OCCURS!

15. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
How would a mutation cause changes in allele frequency in a population?
How would this allow evolution to occur?

16. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
How would a small population affect allele frequencies over several generations?
How would this allow evolution to occur?
Cheetah

17. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
How would gene flow affect allele frequencies in a population?
How would this allow evolution to occur?

18. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
How would natural selection change allele frequencies in a population?
How does this allow evolution to occur?

19. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
How would choosing a mate change allele frequencies in a population?
How would this allow evolution to occur?

20. Mechanisms for Change
When populations are not in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, evolution occurs.
The conditions that upset Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are known as the mechanisms of change.
Cause changes in alleles in a population.

21. Mechanisms of Evolution
Genetic Variation
Descent and the genetic differences that are heritable and passed on to the next generation;
Mutation, migration (gene flow), genetic drift, non-random mating, and natural selection as mechanisms for change;
Result in changes over time- Evolution!