1. Presented to: By: Date: Federal Aviation Administration How to Grab the Low Hanging Fruit? Guidelines for Mechanics and Managers on Fatigue Countermeasure Training World Aviation Training Symposium Katrina Avers, Ph.D. Bill Johnson, Ph.D. Erica Hauck, M.S. April 27-29, 2010

2. 2 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 2 Talking Points Is Fatigue a Concern in MX Operations Current R&D for Maintenance Fatigue Steps to an Effective Fatigue Training Program Organizational Implications Training Limits Next Steps (after training) Available Resources

3. 3 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 3 Is Fatigue a Concern in MX Operations? Shift*MinMaxMean Day (N=30)3:246:385:06 Afternoon (N=19)2:406:315:04 Grave (N=12)4:016:095:00 *Data from about 20,000 hours of Actigraph Average Sleep = 5:05 Field Study of Aviation Maintenance Technicians (Johnson et al., 2001)

4. 4 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 4 Is Fatigue a Concern in MX Operations? National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) –Reduce accidents and incidents caused by human fatigue in the aviation industry (NTSB Most Wanted) –Review the issue of personnel fatigue in aviation maintenance; then establish duty time limitations consistent with the current state of scientific knowledge for personnel who perform maintenance on air carrier aircraft (A-97-71) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) –The aircraft maintenance work environment is a leading problem area for high levels of physical and cognitive fatigue (FAA Fatigue Conference, 2008)

5. 5 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 5 An Example from Industry “I have been a lead mechanic for over 25 years for the airlines. Have I ever worked tired …or seen others work tired when they shouldn't have? Yes. Do other mechanics, leads and management know about it? Yes. Have mistakes been made due to fatigue? Yes... When errors are made we catch them and repair them and press on with the job….”

6. 6 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 6 Current R&D for Maintenance Fatigue Multi-disciplinary workgroup Develop integrated, scientifically-based, practical solutions –Short-term (Low Hanging Fruit) –Long-term

7. 7 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 7 Steps to an Effective Training Program 1.Motivate the learner 2.Help the learner diagnose their challenges 3.Empower the learner with knowledge to overcome challenges 4.Reinforce the learning

8. 8 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 8 Step 1 - Motivation: What’s in it for me? INDIVIDUAL –Improved quality of life –Increased average sleep times –Fewer physical illnesses COMPANY –Reduced absenteeism –Reduced turnover –Reduced morale problems –Fewer accidents and injuries

9. 9 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 9 Step 1 - Motivation: What’s in for me?

10. 10 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 10 Step 2 - Diagnosis: Is fatigue an issue for me? Most people overestimate their sleep Several methods to improve diagnosis –Sleep diary –Symptom checklist –Supplemental incident form

11. 11 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 11 Sleep Diary Bed Time Wake Time Caffeine Awakenings

12. 12 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 12

13. 13 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 13 Symptom Checklist Physical SymptomsMental SymptomsEmotional Symptoms  Yawning repeatedly  Heavy eyelids or microsleeps  Eye-rubbing  Nodding off or head drooping  Headaches, nausea, or upset stomach  Slowed reaction time  Lack of energy, weakness, or light headedness  Difficulty concentrating on tasks  Lapses in attention  Failure to communicate important information  Failure to anticipate events or actions  Making mistakes even on well-practiced tasks  Forgetfulness  Difficulty thinking clearly  Poor decision making  More quiet or withdrawn than normal  Lack of motivation to do the task well  Irritable or grumpy with colleagues, family, or friends  Low morale

14. 14 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 14 Supplemental Incident Form Commute Time Work Schedule Recent Sleep Typical Sleep Naps

15. 15 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 15 Step 4 – Reinforcement: Promoting Fatigue Awareness at Work Utilize international attention to fatigue in aviation to improve awareness and reinforce training Utilize available fatigue awareness materials –Calendars –Newsletters –Posters –HFPS

16. 16 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 16 Fatigue Awareness Materials Newsletter Calendar FREE MX Fatigue Awareness Posters Click on icon to get FREE posters. Posters HFPS

17. 17 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 17 Organizational Implications Training is the first step toward addressing job-related fatigue Knowledgeable employees are more likely to embrace change if they understand and recognize the effect of fatigue Manager training must include guidance on: –How to develop science-based schedules –How to allocate tasks when fatigue is a concern –How to continually evaluate fatigue-related safety

18. 18 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 18 Training Limits Fatigue countermeasure training is a low-hanging fruit with substantial benefits, but –it has its limits –it cannot extend human physical and mental capabilities beyond design limits Training is a first step in active fatigue risk management

19. 19 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 19 Future Plans for MX Fatigue Workgroup Training program for supervisors Review of fatigue modeling and scheduling tools Return-on-investment assessment for fatigue management interventions Operational handbook –Instructions for implementing a fatigue risk management system –Tools needed for implementing a fatigue risk management system

20. 20 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 20 Current Available Resources Fatigue Management Toolbox News and Events Education Materials Publications/Articles Regulations Links Questions/Help Shortcut at: mxfatigue.com https://hfskyway.faa.gov/hfskyway/fatigueHome.aspx

21. 21 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 21 Contacts Mr. Jay Hiles ASI-National Staff Specialist- Human Factors Email: John.J.Hiles@faa.govJohn.J.Hiles@faa.gov Phone: (202) 385-6421 Principal Investigator Katrina Avers, Ph.D. Industrial/Organizational Research Psychologist Email: Katrina.Avers@faa.govKatrina.Avers@faa.gov Phone: (405) 954-1199 Bill Johnson, Ph.D. Chief Scientific and Technical Advisor for Human Factors Email: Bill-Dr.Johnson@faa.govBill-Dr.Johnson@faa.gov Phone: (770) 458-7921 Sponsors Research Program Manager Glen R. Gallaway Maintenance Human Factors Research Program Mgr. Human Factors Research and Engineering Group, ATO-P Email: Glen.Gallaway@faa.gov Phone: (202) 267-3173

22. 22 Federal Aviation Administration World Aviation Training Symposium April 27-29, 2010 Orlando, FL 22 Questions?