1. Famous Speeches
FDR’s “Infamy” Speech

2. FDR
On December 7th, 1941, Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese forces.
The next day, Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed the United States Congress with his memorable “a date which will live in infamy” speech.

3. Purpose This speech had two purposes:
To urge Congress to formally declare war on Japan (which they did just minutes later), and

4. One:
To rally the American people to support the war effort.

5. Word Choice
Focus on Roosevelt’s choice of words to see how they helped communicate his message.

6. Film Clip

7. Infamy
The most memorable phrase of this speech comes in its first line. The label “infamy” foreshadows the tone of the entire speech. Consider the very different tone resulting from the following alternatives:
Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a tragic date — …
Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a pivotal day for our country — …
Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which we experienced sorrow…
Yesterday, December 7, 1941, the United States of America was… [that is, suppose no labeling phrase was used at all]

8. Pathos
None of these alternatives are consistent with Roosevelt’s goal.
Roosevelt continues to use vivid, emotional words throughout the speech, including:
“suddenly and deliberately attacked”
“deliberately planned”
“deliberately sought to deceive”
“surprise offensive”
“unprovoked and dastardly”
“premeditated invasion”
“onslaught against us”
“this form of treachery”

9. Tone
These phrases continue the “infamy” theme, and characterize the Japanese actions as duplicitous and dishonorable
Variations of “Japan” and “Japanese”
Consider the following phrases:
[...] the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.

10. Word Choice
Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack against Malaya. Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. Last night the Japanese attacked Wake Island. And this morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island.
Japan has therefore undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area.
By using this exhaustive variety of word forms (“Empire of Japan”, “Japanese Government”, “Japanese forces”, “the Japanese”, “Japan”), Roosevelt makes it clear that the many components of Japan cannot be separated. That is, the attack was not made simply by the Japanese military, but by the Empire, the government, the armed forces, and Japan itself.

11. Repetition Repetition: “Last night Japanese forces attacked…”
Imagine if the entire passage (“… last night Japanese forces attacked …”) quoted above had been abbreviated to the following sentence, which is identical in meaning:
Yesterday, Japanese forces attacked Malaya, Hong Kong, Guam, the Philippine Islands, Wake Island, and Midway Island.

12. Pathos
Most of the rest of the Roosevelt’s speech is an appeal to emotion (pathos). He seems to be consciously aiming for an emotional, gut-level response from Congress and from the American people.

13. A Clear Call-to-Action
Roosevelt’s immediate audience for this speech was the members of the United State Congress. In the final sentence of the speech, Roosevelt clearly asks Congress to make the formal declaration of war:

14. Action
I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire

15. We
The other audience for this speech was the United States public as a whole. In the sentences which precede the final one above, Roosevelt makes his call-to-action clear to the American people:

16. that always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us.
No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people, in their righteous might, will win through to absolute victory.

17. I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us.
Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger.
With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph, so help us God.

18. Does the speech …
Use moral convictions messages with underlying moral principles state with intention to “do the right thing”
Reflect the sentiment of the group. emphasizing shared history, struggles, or desires

19. Communicate confidence
Assure your audience that the high goals can be achieved.
Use Rhetorical Devices-repetition, metaphors, smiles, and analogies
Help your audience understand your messages in terms of concepts or experiences which they already know.

20. Employ contrast
Define ideas clearly by emphasizing what the ideas are not.

21. Ask rhetorical questions
Ask rhetorical questions. Engage your audience with questions that prompt them to get involved

22. Bird Group Necessary to Protect Ourselves-Malcolm X
Emancipation Proclamation-Lincoln
Lou Gehrig’s Farewell
George Bush 9/11
Kennedy’s Inaugural Address
Churchill’s Blood, Sweat and Tears
Patrick Henry’s Appeal to Action

23. Bird Group-examine assigned speech for…
Moral Conviction
Use of Pathos/Logos/Ethos
Group Sentiment Appeal
Confidence
Rhetorical Devices
Contrast
Rhetorical Questions

24. Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle
What is the Purpose?
Who is the Speaker?
Who is the Audience?