1. Essential Standard 2.00: Understand global agriculture

2. Objective 2.01
Understand the history of global agriculture.

3. Agriscience defined:
The application of scientific principles and new technologies to agriculture
Applied science
applies knowledge of biology, chemistry and physics
Agronomists use biology and chemistry
develop new ways to control weeds
Entomologists use biology and chemistry
develop new ways to control insects
Agricultural engineers use physics
develop new, more efficient machinery
Employs the scientific method
to solve problems

4. Agriculture defined:
The production, processing, marketing and distribution of all agricultural products, related supplies and services
Examples:
Cattle
Production
farmer
cow-calf
feeder steers
Processing
slaughter facility
Rendering
Beef
Leather
Marketing
Butcher
Grocery
Steaks
Transportation
Plane
Rail
Truck
Related supplies and services
Veterinarian
feed dealer

5. Agriculture defined: Examples: Wheat Production Grain mills Marketing
Farmer
Grain
Processing
Grain mills
Flour
Marketing
Bakery
Bread
Transportation
grain trucks
Rail
Related supplies and services
fertilizer dealer
crop scouting
machinery dealer
GPS

6. Agriculture defined: Examples: Roses Production processing/marketing
flower grower
processing/marketing
Harvesters
wholesale
retail florist
Transportation
Plane
Truck
floral delivery driver
Related supplies and services
glass vase sales
greenhouse manufacturers
floral designers

7. Agribusiness defined:
Agribusiness refers to commercial firms (businesses) that have developed with or stemmed out of agriculture
Examples of Agribusiness:
Farm related
Chemical Company
Tractor Manufacturer
Pharmaceutical Company (veterinary medicines)
Horticulture related
Landscape or nursery business
Seed company
Mower Manufacturer

8. Renewable natural resources defined:
Resources provided by nature that can replace or renew themselves
Examples
Wildlife – deer, songbirds, birds of prey, fish, rabbits
Forests – trees, grasses

9. Progress in US Agriculture
Mechanization
Helps 2% of America’s work force meet the food and fiber needs of our nation
Reduction of 90% in production farming in the last 200 years

10. Cotton Gin Invented in 1793 Eli Whitney
Transformed cotton to a usable product
Removed cotton seed from cotton fiber

11. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

12. George Washington Carver
Late 1890’s
Developed crop rotations and the use of legumes
plants that “make” their own nitrogen
Peanuts
Significantly improve soil fertility in the U.S. south

13. Grain Reaper Cyrus McCormick Invented in 1834 Cut grains
Cut wheat, oats, and other crops

14. Cutting Grain
With the sickle or reaping hook one man could cut from one-half to one acre in a hard day's work.
The cut grain was later bound by hand

15. The Reaper

16. Grain Reaper

17. McCormick Reaper

18. Cast Iron Plow Invented in the early 1800’s Thomas Jefferson
Rough surface that dirt stuck to

21. Steel Moldboard Plow 1837 John Deere Smoother surface
Rich clay soil did not stick to it
Made plowing easier and faster

22. Henry Blair
Seed planter
1834
Cotton planter
1836

23. Corn Picker Invented in 1850 Edmund Quincy
Helped speed up the harvesting of corn

24. Corn Picker

25. Modern Corn Picker

26. Barbed Wire
Joseph Glidden
1874
dramatically changed raising livestock

27. Milking Machine Invented in 1878 Anna Baldwin Used vacuum suction
Replaced hand milking

28. Modern Milking Machine

29. Modern Milking Machine

30. Perishable food preservation
1879
Thomas Elkins
designed a device that helped with the task of preserving perishable foods by way of refrigeration

31. Tractor Invented in 1904 Benjamin Holt
Invented in 1904
Benjamin Holt
Replaced the mule as a source of power
Horse power

32. Steam powered Caterpillar tractor built by Holt in 1908.

33. Gene Gun
1987
John Sanford
A device for injecting cells with genetic information

34. GPS technology
1993
tractor based GPS systems together with GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
Used to gather data such as soil condition, humidity, temperature and other variables
Used to control
intensity of planting
application of fertilizer
application of pesticides
watering schedules

35. Robotic Milking Machines
Late 1990’s
First used in Ontario, Canada
Benefits by a reduction in labor
Initial cost is primary disadvantage especially to small producer

36. Land Grant Institutions
An institution designated by its state legislature to receive funding (Morrill Acts of 1862 &1890) to teach agriculture, military tactics and the mechanical arts.
Agricultural experiment stations (Hatch Act 1887).
Examples:
North Carolina A&T (1890) Greensboro, NC
North Carolina State University (1887) Raleigh, NC
Clemson University (1889) Clemson, SC
University of Georgia (1785) Athens, GA
University of Tennessee (1794) Knoxville, TN
Virginia Tech. University (1872) Blacksburg, VA

37. Agriculture related Government Agencies
Established to assist farmers, ranchers and the general public
Information
professional assistance
funding

38. Examples of some of the agencies we now have:
(USDA) United States Department of Agriculture
1862
Provides leadership on food, agriculture, natural resources, rural development, nutrition, and related issues based on sound public policy, the best available science, and efficient management.
Examples of branches/agencies of USDA:
NRCS (1935) - Natural Resource Conservation Service
APHIS (1972) – Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
NASS (1863) – National Agricultural Statistics Service
USFS (1905) –United States Forest Service
Mmission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.

39. Examples of some of the agencies we now have:
NCCES North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
1914
To put research –based knowledge to work for economic prosperity, environmental stewardship and an improved quality of life
North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCDA&CS)
Services that promote and improve agriculture…..

40. Origins of Major Food Crops
1. Fruits and Vegetables
Peaches - China
Tomato – South America
Peanut – Peru, South America
Sweet potato – Central America

41. Origins of Major Food Crops
2. Grain, Oil and Fiber Crops
Corn – Cuba, Mexico
Soybeans – Southeast Asia
Cotton – Mexico, Africa, Pakistan
Wheat – Southwest Asia (Syria, Jordan, Turkey, India)
Note: Sources vary on actual country of origin but generally agree on region of the world.

42. Major US Agricultural Production Regions for Selected Crops and Livestock
Regions develop based on a variety of factors:
Soils
Weather
market development
Feed availability

43. Examples of agricultural production regions and/ or states that generally rank high in U.S. production.
Citrus fruit
Florida
Texas
California
Corn belt
Includes all or parts of these Midwestern states
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska,

44. Examples of agricultural production regions and/ or states that generally rank high in U.S. production.
Wheat
Hard Red Spring Wheat – (highest protein content, excellent bread wheat, superior milling and baking characteristics)
Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, (also Oregon, Washington, California)
Soft Red Winter Wheat – (high yielding, low protein, used for cakes, biscuits, pastries)
Southeastern states including North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and others, as well as Midwestern states including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri.
Spearmint
Washington, Oregon, Idaho
Floriculture crops
California, Florida, Michigan, Texas, North Carolina

45. Examples of agricultural production regions and/ or states that generally rank high in U.S. production.
Beef cattle
Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado, Oklahoma, Missouri, South Dakota (corn belt area)
Dairy
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine,
California, Idaho and Texas are leading producers but are not located in this region

46. Examples of agricultural production regions and/ or states that generally rank high in U.S. production.
Hogs
North Carolina and Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota
Corn belt area
Poultry (broilers)
Southern and southeastern states
North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas

47. North Carolina Agriculture
NC is divided into three basic geographic and agricultural regions
Mountains
Piedmont
Coastal plains

48. North Carolina Agriculture
Mountain counties
Christmas trees
Apples
Trout

49. North Carolina Agriculture
Piedmont counties
Greenhouse and Nursery crops
Broilers
Turkeys
Dairy cattle

50. North Carolina Agriculture
Eastern counties
Hogs
Turkeys
Broilers
Tobacco- flue-cured
Sweet potatoes
Vegetables
Peanuts
Cotton
Corn
Soybeans
world’s most important source of vegetable oil

51. Farm Cash Receipts (2011)
Statewide exceeds $10,000,000,000 ($10B) annually
Livestock, Dairy and Poultry
Approximately 2/3 of all farm cash receipts
Broilers and hogs account for nearly half of this amount
Crops
Approximately 1/3 of all farm cash receipts
greenhouse, nursery, floriculture and Christmas trees

52. Objective 2.02
Compare the current and future issues in global agriculture.

53. Global outlook
The world population will continue to grow with expectations of 9 billion humans on the planet by 2050.
More children survive to adulthood worldwide.
More adults are living longer worldwide.
Population growth will:
Add stress to environmental systems of air, water, soil and natural resources.
Create challenges to meet demands for food and fiber.

54. Global outlook Examples of agriscience research to meet these demands:
Genetically engineered crops
a bio-engineered tomato that resists rotting
New fuel sources
biodiesel from animal fat
Human nutrition
decreasing the amount of animal fat in the diet and raising the proportion of fat from vegetable sources
Satellite technology (gps)
determine various nutrient levels/deficiencies in plants 

55. Trends and Issues in Global Agriculture
Agriculture will always be an essential industry.
Food is essential to life
an iPad is not
Clothing and shelter are basic needs of humans
smartphones are not

56. Examples of current/future agriculture related issues
Food Insecurity
Global importance
Defined as not knowing where a human will find their next meal
the situation where people need to live with hunger and fear starvation
Food insecurity results from several factors
Climate issues
Urban development
Corrupt governments
Population growth
Oil price shifts

57. Examples of current/future agriculture related issues
Sustainability
We must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

58. Examples of current/future agriculture related issues
Organic Food Production
Crops are raised without using most conventional pesticides, petroleum-based fertilizers, or sewage sludge-based fertilizers
Animals must be fed organic feed and be given access to the outdoors
Antibiotics and growth hormones may not be used in organic production
Accounts for more than 3% of all U.S. food sales

59. Examples of current/future agriculture related issues
GMO’s
Genetically modified organisms
Combing genes from different organisms results in an organism being called genetically modified or transgenic
Controversies surrounding this practice include safety, ethics, labeling and others
European countries will not purchase GMO foods from the US
Fewer exports

60. Examples of current/future agriculture related issues
Local Food Movement
Can be defined in terms of geographic proximity of producer to consumer.
Is a very popular concept in regards to food safety, food freshness, and reduction of environmental impact due to shorter shipping distances

61. Examples of current/future agriculture related issues
CSA’s (Community Supported Agriculture)
Direct-to-consumer programs
Buy shares of a farms projected harvest
Pay for their share of the harvest up front
Distributes risk between the farmer and the consumers
Pick up their share regularly in a communal location or the shares are delivered directly
USDA estimates as many as 2500 CSA’s are operating nationally

62. Examples of current/future agriculture related issues
Water (quantity and quality)
US water shortages are a major issue in the western portion of the nation where expanding cities needs are competing with farmers needs for the same water resources
The aquifer that underlies Long Island represents the only drinking water for the 3 million plus residents
Southeastern US, including North Carolina, Water Wars have become common place
In Third World countries a safe water supply is a luxury
Most areas of the world, supplies of safe water have become generally insufficient because of misuse, poor management, waste, pollution and climate change

63. 2 year agriculturally related degree programs in NC
Aquaculture Technology
Equine Business and Training
Fish and Wildlife Management Technology
Forest Management Technology
Golf Course Management
Greenhouse and Grounds Maintenance
Horticulture Technology
Landscape Gardening
Marine Sciences
Poultry Management
Sustainable Agriculture

64. 2 year agriculturally related degree programs in NC
Swine Management
Turfgrass Management
Viticulture Technology
Agricultural Biotechnology
Environmental Science Biotechnology
Agribusiness Management
Field Crops Technology
General Agriculture
Livestock and Poultry Management

65. Examples of 4 year agriculturally related degree programs in NC
Agricultural Economics
Agricultural Education
Animal Science
Biological Engineering
Landscape Architecture
Agricultural and Environmental Technology
Food Science
Plant and Soil Science
Poultry Science
Genetics
Horticultural Science