1. Indian Space Programme & Some Reflections On Collective Security In Space Indian Space Research Organisation April 23, 2007

2. 1947 : The Independence of India  Developmental Issues  Vast resources running to waste In short, Rich country inherited by developing society Formidable challenge to the builders of Nation No wonder, Socio-economic concerns form the nucleus of the Indian Space endeavour THE BIRTH OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME

3. " ….. we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society, which we find in our country. … - Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai  Frank Admission : Existence of abundant down-to-earth problems of development.  Prudent assertion : Science &Technology being crucial apparatus for development.  Commitment : Science &Technology for socio-economic benefits in preference to display of grandeur. Military Superiority Technological Dominance Display of Grandeur Indian Space Program is very different. Very deeply rooted to the society SPACE POLICY

4. Space for Development –Abundance of Problems of Development Shaped the Indian Approach to Space –Two Crucial Sectors of Space Applications Remote Sensing Telecommunications & Meteorology Self Reliance Against a possible alternative of reliance on foreign cooperative or commercial arrangements, self reliance was targeted since " ···· large scale benefits can accrue to a large country like India only when we have our own space segment specifically tailored to meet our requirements" Commercial Procurement Quick & Effective Self Reliance Huge Investments High Risk Large Gestation Periods INDIAN APPROACH TO SPACE

5.  India is now self-reliant in space even though it does not mean producing all technological systems  Most technologies are mastered and absorbed though not all of them are put in mass production.  Immunity against "Technology Denials"  Remarkable benefits to common man in timely & Cost- effective manner DID IT WORK ?

6. INDIAN SPACE ENDEAVOUR BUDGET Rs 3,200 Crore US $ 700 m SPACE COMMERCE IRS LAUNCHERS INSAT LARGE USER BASE ACADEMIA & INDUSTRY HUMAN RESOURCES 16,500 strong INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Space Assets - Remote sensing & Telecom satellite Constellations STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE End – to - end capability

7. November 21, 1963 SLV-3ASLV TODAY, 2007 PSLVGSLV ARYABHATA 19.04.75 GSAT-2 08.05.03 KALPANA-1 12.09.02 INSAT-2E 03.04.99 INSAT-3B 22.03.00 INSAT-3A 10.04.03 IRS-1D 29.09.97 RESOURCESAT-1 17.10.03 INSAT-3E 28.09.03 TES 22.10.01 INSAT-3C 24.01.02 IRS-P4 26.05.99 Self reliance in launching Self reliance in building satellites 47 + 6 Spacecraft Missions 10 4 LAUNCH VEHICLE SATELLITE APPLICATIONS 22 Launch Vehicle Missions EDUSAT 20.09.04 HAMSAT 05.05.05 CARTOSAT-1 05.05.05 FOUR DECADES OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME CARTOSAT-2 10.01.07 INSAT-4A 22.12.05

8. ORGANISATION CHART

9. EEZ - 2 M km 2 Fisheries ; Coastal : 2.8 MT Inland : 2.8 MT 700 M. Indians depend on Natural Resources for their Livelihood and Marketable Surplus Loss to 4.5% of the GDP due to Degradation of Natural Resources India's Annual Soil Loss 5334 Mt 1 2 3 4 5 6 194719671987200720272047 *000 m 3 Declining availability of water per capita Space Perspectives: Efficient Land and Water Resources Management Empowering People for Sustainable Development Productivity (1635 kg/ha) Land Degradation (182 M ha) Net sown / G. Irrigated area : 143 / 75 M ha Food grains : 211 MT (2003-04) Long Term Average Rainfall : 88 cm (+/- 85 mm) Glaciers : 8500 km 3 Depletion of ground water table Glacier retreat >10 meters/ year Flora / Fauna : 46000 (7.0%) 81000 (6.5%) Coast line : 7500 km (Coral reefs / Mangroves) Wetlands : 7.6 M ha Y P C L (ha) 0.28 0.14 19502000 P C L (ha) 0.28 0.14 19502000 Demographic pressure Disaster Vulnerability NATIONAL PRIORITIES Forest: 64 M ha Closed forest : 11%

10. EARTH OBSERVATION – APPLICATIONS WATER  Potential Drinking Water Zones  Command Area Management  Reservoir Sedimentation OCEAN  Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ)  Coastal Zone Mapping DISASTER SUPPORT  Flood Damage Assessment  Drought Monitoring  Land Slide Hazard Zonation FOREST, ENVIRONMENT, BIO  Forest Cover & Type Mapping  Forest Fire and Risk Mapping  Biodiversity Characterisation  Environmental Impact Studies AGRICULTURE & SOIL  Crop Acreage & Production Estimation  Soil & Land Degradation Mapping  Watershed Development  Horticulture Mission for North-East LAND  Landuse/Land Cover Mapping  Wasteland Mapping  Urban Sprawl Studies  Large Scale Mapping WEATHER & CLIMATE  Extended Range Monsoon Forecasting  Ocean State Forecasting  Regional Climate Model

11.  Development of spatial information system on ground water covering problem states  More than 90% success rate in drilled sources (more than 2,00,000 in 7 states) Ground Water Prospect Map with Sites for Recharge Implementation and Feedback status A milestone application towards building social infrastructure  Wells Drilled Success Rate (%) Kerala  7,730 92 KAR  34,688 93 AP  35,139 93 MP  22,006 90 RAJ  67,775 90 CHG  34,413 93 RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL DRINKING WATER MISSION

12. WASTELAND INVENTORY February 1996 February 2002 1986-2000 2003Reclaimed Ecologically Degraded Land - 64 Mha - 55 Mha 9 Mha Culturable with interventions - 45 Mha - 41 Mha Categorisation for development — A: Sands, Barren…(High capital investment) — B: Marginal Agril. (Intervention needed) — C: Saline, Aklaline.. (Second Generation Issues) Village & Watershed overlay Natural Resources Census (NRC) to monitor the changes B2 Category Wastelands National perspective plan  Districts having more than 30%  Districts having 5% to 30% Watershed Development Programme Creation of Rural Employment/Assets Targeting Poverty & Eco-degradation

13. POTENTIAL FISHING ZONE – PFZ (IRS P4 OCM DERIVED) OFF GOA COAST 0.1 mg/m 3 5.0 3.0 POTENTIAL FISHING ZONES Fish catch (Kg/operation) increased by 1.5 to 2 times in West & East coast

14. OPERATIONAL COMMUNICATION SATELLITES 48 74 GSAT-2 93.5 83 KALPANA INSAT-3C INSAT 4A INSAT-2E INSAT-3B 55 INSAT-3E GSAT-3 INSAT-3A Transponder Capacity C Band 95 Ex C Band 42 S Band 04 Ku Band 29 MSS 04 Total 174

15. BROADCAST  Television Broadcasting  Direct To Home (DTH)  TV & Radio Networking METEOROLOGICAL  Meteorological Imaging  Data Collection Platform  Disaster Warning OTHERS  Mobile Satellite Service  Search and Rescue  Satellite Navigation  Speech Circuits On Trunk Routes  VSAT Connectivity COMMUNICATION INSAT SYSTEM APPLICATIONS  Tele-health  Tele-education  Emergency Communication DEVELOPMENTAL

16. Video + Audio Teaching-End Class Room-2 Class Room-1 Audio TELE EDUCATION EduSat 5 Spot Beams in Ku Band 1 National Beam in Ku Band 1 National Beam in Ext C Band (6 Channels) Video + Audio

17.  180 Hospitals 146 Dist/ Rural Hospitals 34 Super Specialty Hospitals Reaching the un-reached Panel of Doctors Video Conferencing Health Specialist Centre Pathology Cardiology Video Conferencing TELE MEDICINE VIA SATELLITE Referral Hospitals

18. Panchayat Planning Watershed Tele-medicine Training Tele-education Weather Drinking Water Information VILLAGE RESOURCE CENTRE (VRC) Space-based Services for Community Community Outreach

19. SPACE SCIENCE ASTROSAT Chandrayaan-1 India’s First Lunar Mission

20. PSLVGSLV GSLV MkIII Weight (T)294400629 Payload (Kgs)1,500 SSO2,250 GTO4,000 to 4,500 GTO Flights 9 (1993-07)4 (2001-06) -- ISRO LAUNCHERS

21. Pre 1992 Scenario Intense Technology Generation Enormous Advancement Fair Share of failures By 1992 IRS-1A IRS-1B INSAT-2A SLV ASLV Commercialization of Space : A new dimension to Space Policy ANTRIX was born OPERATIONALIZATION OF INDIGENOUS INSAT-2A & ASLV LAUNCH SUCCESS SPACE COMMERCE An Instrument for Socio-Economic Benefit Enhancements

22. Customer Profile HUGHES SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, MATRA MARCONI SPACE, CNES, DLR, BRASILIAN INDUSTRY etc., SPACE IMAGING, MDA, ALENIA, RESTEC…. Korea : KITSAT Germany : TUBSAT & BIRD Belgium : PROBA Indonesia : LAPAN-TUBSAT Argentina : PEHUENSAT International Launch Service Customers ANTRIX CORPORATION Reaching Indian Space Excellence to the Global Markets…... EARTH OBSERVATIONS DATA & SERVICES REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE LAUNCH SERVICES MISSION SUPPORT CONSULTANCY & TRAINING SATELLITE COMPONENTS AND GROUND SYSTEMS AND OTHER SERVICES Antrix Portfolio

23. ISRO SPENT AROUND $ 700 M in 2005-2006 Billions of $ Source : World Market Prospects for Public Space Programs by Euroconsult 2002 Comparison with other Space Faring Nations (2001) SpaceHealth CareEducation Comparison within India 8 cent out of $ 100 GNP Space Agencies Spend world over spend over $23b in a year. Indian Spending : Around 2 Cents in a dollar A fleet of 10 Geostationary Satellites (INSAT- 2E; 3A; 3B; 3C; 3E; Kalpana-1; GSAT-2; Edusat; 4A & 4B) A fleet of 7 Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS – 1C; 1D; P4; TES, Resourcesat-1, Cartosat 1&2) Two operational Launchers – PSLV & GSLV End-to-end capability in Remote Sensing & Telecommunication arena A wide spectrum of applications benefiting the society A reasonable success in commercialisation efforts 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 US ESA JAPAN FRANCE ITALY GERMANY INDIA CANADA CHINA BRAZIL AT WHAT COST ? 57% on access to space and 56.4% on bringing down benefits of space to earth

24. INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS AUSTRALIA BRAZIL BRUNEI DARUSSALAM CANADA CHINA ESA EUMETSAT FRANCE GERMANY HUNGARY INDONESIA ISRAEL ITALY MAURITIUS MONGOLIA NORWAY PERU RUSSIA SWEDEN SYRIA THAILAND NETHERLANDS UK UKRAINE USA VENEZUELA BILATERAL SPACE SCIENCE Satellite Aided Search & Rescue System

25. Some Reflections On Collective Security In Space Some Reflections on Collective Security in Space All the opinions expressed herein belong to the author and do not represent those of the employer or the country.

26. Security of this infrastructure, their renewal and expansion as needed, and the continuity of the operational services form the core of the Indian concern about security of space. What Space Security Means to India?

27. Space Security “Secure, sustainable and denial-free access to and use of space for peaceful purposes for one and all”. Space Power “The term ‘spacepower’ is used normally with the meaning of might. However, here it is appropriate to describe it as the demonstrated ability to use the power of space for human welfare.” What Space Security Means to India?

28. International consensus based approach Space Debris Sharing of data Sharing of information on threats Mitigation Guidelines voluntary measures through national mechanisms” a practical demonstration of the rules based approach A Few Positive Developments

29. US Space Policy (October 31, 2006) Recognises the risks posed by orbital debris Seeks to minimise its creation Promises exchange of information Improved debris mitigation practices Threat of Asteroid Strike on Earth & of Near Earth Object Impact A Few Positive Developments

30. Global Exploration Strategy Innovation in approaches Open mindedness Willingness to learn from the past experiences Whether these participating space faring nations would be able to see beyond their own interests and address the interests of the less space capable nations and in fact the entire humanity? A Few Positive Developments

31. Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture 1.Self Reliance Self reliance is an instrument to harden national technological capability and space systems against the perils of “shutter control” to serve foreign policy objectives or vested commercial interests under the guise of “security” concerns. Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

32. “technology denial” and “control of export” to state actors is viewed as intentional threat against access to and use of space for peaceful purposes and also against the spirit of international cooperation embedded in the Outer Space Treaty Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

33. 2.Sustained National Consensus Sustained support of the society for the space policy and programmes is a prerequisite for a meaningful long term security in space. On the contrary, the fragility of or the narrowness of the public support for the space activities and its policies, irrespective of the technological dominance & economic prosperity of a state, might shake the very foundations of its security architecture Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

34. 3.International Cooperation India recognises IC a crucial apparatus in enhancing national, regional and global security and utilises this tool effectively. Collaborating with other space faring nations for enhancing scientific knowledge of our planet earth and of the universe Sharing this knowledge and experience towards capacity building in less space- capable nations, “Access to and use of space for peaceful purposes for one and all” is implemented. Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

35. 4.The Rule of Law “… Indian delegation considers that the development of Space Law is crucial to the orderly and organised exploration of space for the peaceful purposes. … We reaffirm that the five UN Space treaties – evolved through consensus and accepted by a large number of countries – constitute the cornerstones of the international space law.” Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

36. “We would like to reiterate the Indian commitment to the use of Outer Space for peaceful purposes in the common interest of mankind. We support development and continuous evolution of rule of law for the peaceful use and exploration of outer space so as to ensure benefits to all countries, in particular to the developing countries.” Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

37. Indian delegation urges all countries to respect the sovereign right of every country to have access to Space and opportunity to utilize Space for developmental programmes. The respect for safety and security of Space assets and capabilities of all countries, without any denial or threat of denial of access to Space, is inevitable necessity for all of us to preserve and prosper together.” Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

38. 5.National Commitment to Security India recognises the vitality of space systems, ground segments, and the supporting link for the civil, commercial and other peaceful uses of outer space. The protection of these systems and unhindered uninterrupted continued operation of and services derived from these is its prime responsibility towards its own people and the entire humanity. Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

39. “Any nation that possesses medium range ballistic missiles, space tracking capabilities and the means to precisely insert a satellite into orbit also has the ability to destroy a satellite.” Elements of Indian Space Security Architecture

40. Some Recent Disturbing Trends 1.Change in Security Landscape US President Eisenhower to Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin on Jan 13 1958 “I propose that we agree that outer space should be used only for peaceful purposes. We face a decisive moment in history in relation to this matter. Both the Soviet Union and the United States are now using outer space for the testing of missiles designed for military purposes. The time to stop is now.” Some Recent Disturbing Trends

41. “Test Ban Treaty” in August 1963 “Outer Space Treaty” in 1967 Other Space Treaties These are manifestations of the human faith in the rule of law and collective approach to global security. Some Recent Disturbing Trends

42. The abrogation of Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) treaty. 2002 UN First Committee - November 2005 - historical vote against PAROS The linking of “Freedom of action in space” to “air power and sea power” “Policy of negation” Opposition to the development of new legal regimes The recent test of a ground based anti satellite weapon Some Recent Disturbing Trends

43. These constitute a potent volatile mix, which has potential to tear apart the basic fabric of collective security. This decadence in the faith in rule based approach to the global security is truly deplorable. Some Recent Disturbing Trends

44. It is unfortunate that noble intentions of non-weaponisation of space require shoulders of violence. Some Recent Disturbing Trends

45. There is no alternative to international collective approach to space security. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 leaves no room for unilateralism of any kind. The outer space is the next frontier. Together, let us make it a pleasant experience for the entire humanity A “judicious bouquet” of proposed solution