1. PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!! Logan Dougherty

2. Quick Overview Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby (USA) Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby (USA) Venera 3 – First Venus impact. Contact lost. (USSR) Venera 4 – Venus atmospheric probe Claimed to reach the surface intact, but disproven shortly after by USA Mariner 5. Pioneer 10 & 11 – Jupiter and Saturn flyby Mariner 10 – Mercury flyby Voyager 1 & 2 – Outer solar system Pathfinder – Mars rover Cassini Huygens – Saturn lander New Horizons – Pluto and Kuiper belt Curiosity Rover – Mars Rover

3. Above: To the left is the Mariner 2 and to the right is the Voyager 1. Right: The New Horizons spacecraft.

4. Original Reasons for Planetary Exploration The Space Race Main memorable part of the Space Race is the Apollo mission Large competition in planetary exploration as well Between USA and USSR http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chronology.html As shown above, until the end of the Cold War, USA and USSR competed largely in their attempts to study the moon and the planets. Post Cold War, the USSR involvement declined heavily, leaving the USA to dominate the field

6. NASA’s Big Questions for Planetary Science H OW DID THE SUN ' S FAMILY OF PLANETS AND MINOR BODIES ORIGINATE ? H OW DID THE SUN ' S FAMILY OF PLANETS AND MINOR BODIES ORIGINATE ? H OW DID THE SOLAR SYSTEM EVOLVE TO ITS CURRENT DIVERSE STATE ? H OW DID THE SOLAR SYSTEM EVOLVE TO ITS CURRENT DIVERSE STATE ? H OW DID LIFE BEGIN AND EVOLVE ON E ARTH, AND HAS IT EVOLVED ELSEWHERE IN THE S OLAR S YSTEM ? H OW DID LIFE BEGIN AND EVOLVE ON E ARTH, AND HAS IT EVOLVED ELSEWHERE IN THE S OLAR S YSTEM ? W HAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE S OLAR S YSTEM THAT LEAD TO THE ORIGINS OF LIFE ? W HAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE S OLAR S YSTEM THAT LEAD TO THE ORIGINS OF LIFE ?

7. President’s FY13 In-Guide Budget For FY13 Congress has passed a “Continuing Resolution” Under the CR PSD’s FY13 budget is $1.19B 21% decrease from FY12 level

8. Amazing Accomplishments Existence of bodies of water on Mars in the past. Atmospheric probes to help determine composition of other planets. Missions that help deduce the early evolution of planets and help to explain why our solar system formed how it did. Valuable samples of surfaces that offer insight into the formation of that planet.

9. What inspires Planetary Exploration?

10. Search for Life near Home Mars Signs of water, as discovered by rovers like Curiosity Venus People used to envision life existing there, but the harsh atmosphere makes it difficult to support life Titan Liquid lakes of ethane and methane Colder than earth Atmosphere that consists of more than trace gases

11. Where else should we search?

12. Exoplanet Detection Kepler mission Uses transit method to detect dip in light curves Doppler Shift measurements Binary Movements Hundreds of planets have been discovered Planetary Detection is part of the Astrophysics sector of NASA as opposed to the Planetary Science, but offers useful information in the theory of how solar systems evolve. Exoplanets are popular The idea inspires people and the public is interested in the possibility of finding planets with life

13. What is the biggest difficulty in directly observing a planet?

15. New Worlds Blocks out the star’s light to gain a direct view of the planet. Can then study the spectra of the planet and gain knowledge of its atmosphere. Offers the possibility of finding planets capable of hosting life Reasons that policy makers may consider investing: While Kepler has produced results, the public keeps hearing about planets and it doesn’t peak their interest. This would offer a more definitive statement on the possibility of life, and to see more detailed pictures of the planets, garnering more public support. Offers useful knowledge about planet’s in the habitable zone of stars.

16. “Space: the final frontier.”

17. Works Cited http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/archive/2542/25424001.jpg http://cinema-wallpapers.net/user-content/uploads/wall/o/60/Little- Green-Men-toy-story-2-wallpaper.jpg http://cinema-wallpapers.net/user-content/uploads/wall/o/60/Little- Green-Men-toy-story-2-wallpaper.jpg http://jpl.nasa.gov http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/ http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp- content/uploads/2011/02/Kepler-telescope.jpg http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp- content/uploads/2011/02/Kepler-telescope.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FQaCDdht2S8/TEybVhkHILI/AAAAAAAABDc/ wi6q8fMoElo/s1600/newhorizons.gif http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FQaCDdht2S8/TEybVhkHILI/AAAAAAAABDc/ wi6q8fMoElo/s1600/newhorizons.gif http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp- content/uploads/2008/07/voyager1.jpg http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp- content/uploads/2008/07/voyager1.jpg http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/203286main_image_964_946- 710.jpg http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/203286main_image_964_946- 710.jpg http://iliketowastemytime.com/system/files/outer-space-hd- wallpaper.jpg?download=1 http://iliketowastemytime.com/system/files/outer-space-hd- wallpaper.jpg?download=1 http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02445/AV_2445412b.jpg

18. NASA’s Planetary Science Division James L. Green Director, Planetary Science Division NASA Headquarters February 21, 2013

19. Recent Accomplishments 2010 * September 16 – Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in PSD * November 4 - EPOXI encounters Comet Hartley 2 * November 19 - Launch of O/OREOS 2011 * February 14 - Stardust NExT encounters comet Tempel 1 * March 7 – Planetary Science Decadal Survey released * March 17 - MESSENGER orbit insertion at Mercury * May 5 – Selection of 3 Discovery-class missions for study * May – Selection of the next New Frontier mission for flight, OSIRIS-REx * July 16 - Dawn orbit insertion at asteroid Vesta * August 5 - Juno launch to Jupiter * August 9 - Mars Opportunity Rover arrives at Endeavour Crater * September 10 - GRAIL (A and B) launch to the Earth’s Moon * November 26 – Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) launch to Mars * December 31 – GRAIL A orbit insertion at Earth’s Moon 2012 * January 1 – GRAIL B orbit insertion at Earth’s Moon * June 6 – Venus transits Sun (last time this Century) * August 5 – MSL/Curiosity successfully lands on Mars * August 20 – Selection of Discovery 12 Mission * September 5 - Dawn leaves Vesta and starts on its journey to Ceres * Completed

20. The Revolution in Planetary Science 20 Planetary Decadal Reports from the National Academy of Science

21. Planetary Science Objectives NASA’s goal in Planetary Science is to “Ascertain the content, origin, and evolution of the solar system, and the potential for life elsewhere.” Planetary Program seeks to answer fundamental science questions: 1.What is the inventory of solar system objects and what processes are active in and among them? 2.How did the Sun’s family of planets, satellites, and minor bodies originate and evolve? 3.What are the characteristics of the solar system that lead to habitable environments? 4.How and where could life begin and evolve in the solar system? 5.What are characteristics of small bodies and planetary environments that pose hazards and/or provide resources? 21 Planetary Science accomplishes these goals through a series of strategic-large, medium, small mission and supporting research

22. Planetary Decadal Recommendations 22 Technology Development (6-8%) Research & Analysis (5% above final FY11 amount then ~1.5%/yr) Discovery $500M (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) and 24 month cadence for selection New Frontiers $1B (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) with two selections during 2013-22 Large Missions (“Flagship”-scale) “Recommended Program” (budget increase for JEO new start) 1)Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – descoped 2)Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) – descoped 3)Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP ) 4/5) Enceladus Orbiter & Venus Climate Mission “Cost Constrained Program” (based on FY11 Request) 1)Mars Astrobiology Explorer- Cacher – descoped 2)Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP) “Less favorable” budget picture than assumed (e.g., outyears in FY12 request) Descope or delay Flagship mission Current Commitments ( ie: Operating Missions )

23. President’s FY13 In-Guide Budget For FY13 Congress has passed a “Continuing Resolution” Under the CR PSD’s FY13 budget is $1.19B 21% decrease from FY12 level

24. Planetary & President’s FY13 Budgets

25. President’s FY13 Budget - Missions Mars R&A Discovery New Frontiers Technology Outer Planets Mars 2020 MAVEN OSIRIS-REx InSight LADEE

26. Discovery and New Frontiers  Address high-priority science objectives in solar system exploration  Frequent opportunities for science community to propose full investigations  Fixed-price cost cap full and open competition missions  Principal Investigator-led project  Established in 1992  $425M cap per mission excluding launch vehicle (FY10)  Open science competition for all solar system objects, except for the Earth and Sun  Established in 2003  $1000M cap per mission excluding launch vehicle (FY10)  Addresses high-priority investigations identified by the National Academy of Sciences

27. 27 Discovery Program Mars evolution: Mars Pathfinder (1996-1997) NEO characteristics: NEAR (1996-1999) Lunar formation: Lunar Prospector (1998-1999) Completed Comet internal structure: Deep Impact (2005-2012) Mercury environment: MESSENGER (2004-2013) Main-belt asteroids: Dawn (2007-2015) Lunar Internal Structure GRAIL (2011-2012 ) In Flight Comet diversity: CONTOUR Solar wind sampling: Genesis (2001-2004) Nature of dust/coma: Stardust (1999-2011 ) Lost Aug 15 2002 Completed

28. InSight: Interior Structure from Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport 28

29. New Frontiers Program 1 st NF mission New Horizons: Pluto-Kuiper Belt Launched January 2006 Arrives July 2015 PI: Alan Stern (SwRI-CO) 2 nd NF mission JUNO: Jupiter Polar Orbiter 3 rd NF mission OSIRIS-REx Launched August 2011 Arrives July 2016 PI: Scott Bolton (SwRI-TX) Asteroid Sample Return Sept. 2016 LRD PI: Dante Lauretta (UA) NF-4 AO in FY15-16

30. Origins-Spectral Interpretation-Resource Identification- Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx ) Science Objectives: Return and analyze a sample of pristine carbonaceous asteroid Map the global properties, chemistry, and mineralogy Document in situ the properties of the regolith at the sampling site Characterize the integrated global properties to allow comparison with ground-based telescopic data of entire asteroid population Measure the Yarkovsky effect Mission Overview: Launch in September 2016 Encounter asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36 in October 2019 Study RQ36 for up to 505 days, globally mapping the surface Obtain at least 60 g of pristine regolith/surface material Return sample to Earth in September 2023 in a Stardust-heritage capsule Deliver samples to JSC curation facility for world-wide distribution 30 RQ36 - Apollo r ~ 280 m P ~ 436 days

31. Discovery and New Frontiers Missions Timeline - Current Missions 8-year Phase E Dawn ASPERA-36-year Phase E GRAIL 2009201020112012201320142015200820072006200520042003200020022001 Strofio Extended Mission New Horizons 10-year Phase E Juno 10-year Phase E 201620172018201920202021 2009201020112012201320142015200820072006200520042003200020022001201620172018 201920202021 EPOXI MESSENGER 8-year Phase E 12 month Phase E (+6 month extension) Discovery Missions New Frontiers Missions Now Phase E Phases Pre-A,A,B,C,D Calendar Year Extended Mission InSight Extended Mission OSIRIS-REx 2022 7-year Phase E 20222023 Hibernation

32. 32 Mars Exploration Program 2000-2010 “Follow the Water…”

33. Mars Budget Analysis FY’00 through FY’17 200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 Mars Op Budget FY'00-FY'11 27145145449755353259360769536243854758700000 Mars Pres Budget FY'12-FY'17 0000000000000361228189267503 $M MSL Delay MSL Landing

34. NASA’s Future Mars Missions 34 MRO Mars Express Collaboration Mars Express Collaboration Odyssey 2013 Operational Phoenix (completed) Phoenix (completed) 2001-2012 2016 2018 2020 Curiosity – Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity – Mars Science Laboratory MAVEN Aeronomy Orbiter 2022 ESA Trace Gas Orbiter (Electra) ESA Trace Gas Orbiter (Electra) ESA ExoMars Rover (MOMA) ESA ExoMars Rover (MOMA) 2020 Science Rover 2020 Science Rover 34 InSight Future Planning Opportunity Spirit (completed) Spirit (completed) “Seeking Signs of Life…”

36. Developing Missions

37. Upcoming Launches MAVEN and LADEE in final phases of development for 2013 launch dates

38. The JUpiter ICy moons Orbiter Mission On May 2, 2012, the ESA formally selected JUICE as the first Large-class mission in ESA’s Cosmic Vision Program The JUICE mission will investigate the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants, characterizing Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats JUICE will first orbit Jupiter for ~2.5 years, providing 13 flybys of Callisto and 2 of Europa, and then will orbit Ganymede for 9 months Launch is scheduled for 2022 with Jupiter arrival in 2030 and Ganymede orbit insertion in 2032 NASA will contribute ~$100M in instruments and other support 38

39. Planetary Technologies

40. ASRG and Pu-238 Production Advanced Stirling Radioistope Generator (ASRG) After Discovery 12 selection, working to identify next ASRG mission Expectation is that Discovery 13 will provide similar opportunities to test mission enabling technologies (ie: ASRG, NEXT…) Two ASRG flight units (F1 and F2) will be completed in 2016 The completed flight units will go into bonded storage, unfueled, pending a mission decision for flight use Plutonium-238 Technology demonstration activities include: A qualified Neptunium-237 target for irradiation in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (First Np-237 targets irradiated) A qualified process for post-irradiation target processing A qualified Pu-238 product A project plan for scale-up to full-scale production at 1.5-2.0 kg/year Project baseline and confirmation by December 2013

41. Planetary Supporting Research and Analysis Program

42. Planetary Science Research PGG, Cosmochem, PAST, PATM, PME, PIDDP, Origins, PP, LPI, ASTEP, ASTID, NAI, Exobiology Near Earth Objects Observation (NEOO) Planetary Data Systems (PDS) Astromaterial Curation Mars Research & Analysis Mars Data Analysis Program (MDAP) Mars Fundamental Research Program (MFRP) Discovery Research SRLI DAP/LARS (Lab Analysis of Returned Samples) PMDAP (Planetary Missions DAP) MESSENGER/Dawn PSP GRAIL PSP Outer Planets Research OPRP, Cassini DAP/PSP Lunar Science Research NLSI, LASER, MMAMA, PGG/Cosmo Lunar, LRO PSP Supporting Research & Analysis (R&A) Program Elements Call for Proposal to these PSD Program Elements comes out in ROSES

43. Questions? http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss 43