1. Features of SLA In this lecture, we are going to set the main general concluding features of SLA under the question: What are the main features of SLA? OR Out of your study of SLA, state at least four of its main features in details. 1S.Eldaly

2. Introduction He proposed a theory of the development of higher cognitive functions in children that saw the emergence of the reasoning as emerging through practical activity in a social environment. During the earlier period of his career he argued that the development of reasoning was mediated by signs and therefore contingent on cultural practices and language as well as on universal cognitive processes. 2S Eldaly

3. Three major tenets: Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory can be summarized in terms of three major tenets: 1. the developmental analysis of mental processes; 2. the social origin of human mental processes; and 3. the role of sign systems in the development of human higher mental function 3S Eldaly

4. Definition Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of human learning describes learning as a social process and the origination of human intelligence in society or culture. The major theme of Vygotsky’s theoretical framework is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygotsky believed everything is learned on two levels; WHAT ARE THESE TWO LEVELS? 4S Eldaly

5. First, through interaction with others, and then integrated into the individual’s mental structure. Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (inter-psychological) and then inside the child (intra-psychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals 5S Eldaly

6. What is ZPD? A second aspect of Vygotsky’s theory is the idea that the potential for cognitive development is limited to a "zone of proximal development" (ZPD). This "zone" is the area of exploration for which the student is cognitively prepared, but requires help and social interaction to fully develop. Collaborative learning, discourse, and modeling are strategies for supporting the intellectual knowledge and skills of learners and facilitating intentional learning. 6S Eldaly

7. What are the major characteristics of inner speech? In inner speech, the role of syntax and phonetics is minimalized. The sentence-level subject (agent) and other syntactic expressions associated with it are deleted. This reduction may be explained by the fact that the agent of the action expressed in the subject of a sentence is well known to the speaker; therefore, there is no need, to mention it. 7S Eldaly

8. Example: According to Vygotsky, inner speech exhibits ‘‘abbreviations’’ on both the syntactic and the semantic level. As we may expect to hear a single ‘‘No’’ in place of a complete answer, ‘‘No, I do not want to go to the movies,’’. Vygotsky calls this abbreviation of the syntax of inner speech ‘‘predicativity’’. 8S Eldaly

9. Vygotsky’s meaning of “word” He found that words play an important role in inner speech. Any word carries two meanings, according to Vygotsky: one is stable, ‘‘fixed’ across different contexts, just as one may find it in a dictionary; the other “sense” has less to do with its recognizable external meaning than with its many psychological associations, acquired during the process of internalizing the many words and utterances one has encountered in many different sociocultural contexts in the course of his or her life. The latter feature of inner speech is ‘‘sense” of a word over its meaning. S Eldaly9

10. Meaning &Sense Vygotsky distinguishes between meaning and sense. The former has a referential function and is constant across different contexts, like a dictionary definition, and the latter differs depending on a context. For example, the meaning of the word green indicates a color; its sense, however, may indicate either a color or the name of a political party (the Green Party). S Eldaly10

11. Questions on the lecture: 1- what are the three major tenets of Vygotsky’s theory? 2- Define Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory? 3- what are the two levels for learning? 4-( ZPD ) Define the term. 5- What are the major characteristics of inner speech? Give examples 6- Vygotsky gives a meaning to the term “word”. Discuss (- Meaning and Sense are related to each other. Discuss) S Eldaly11

12. S Eldaly

13. Features of SLA In this lecture, we are going to set the main general concluding features of SLA under the question: What are the main features of SLA? OR Out of your study of SLA, state at least four of its main features in details. 13S.Eldaly