1. Phonology, part 6: Syllables and Phonotactics November 7, 2012

2. The Road Ahead Let’s go back to the practice exercises from last class… Phonology Homework: still due on the Wednesday after the break (November 14 th ). I’ll try to get it out by tonight.

3. And now for something completely different. A (very) long time ago… I talked about the fact that there are some strings of (English) sounds which don’t sound like they could possibly be English words. Possible English words: plab forch beeg shump staz hibber crong trab Unpossible English words: fmort glsik rmak msile vlash zpin ngotch ptud The unpossible English words violate what are called the phonotactic rules of the language.

4. Syllable Structure In order to understand phonotactics, it is necessary to first take a look at syllables and syllable structure. Syllables are suprasegmental units; they organize segments into minimal-sized utterances in a language. Syllables have three sub-parts: the onset the nucleus the coda Together, the nucleus and coda form the rhyme.

5. Sonority and Syllables Syllables are generally organized around a phonological property called sonority. basically: sonority = perceived loudness Sonorants (vowels, liquids, nasals, glides) have lots of sonority; obstruents (stops and fricatives) have less. Basic idea: the most sonorous segments in a syllable form the “peak” or nucleus of the syllable. vowels make good peaks; sonorant consonants are second-best; obstruents are really bad…

6. For Example [bæd] is a well-formed syllable in English. [æ] [b][d] high sonority low sonority

7. Sonority and Syllables [blænd] works well, too. [æ] [l][n] [b][d] high sonority low sonority

8. Technical Terms [æ] [l][n] [b][d] high sonority low sonority sonority peak

9. Technical Terms The sonority peak forms the nucleus of the syllable. [æ] [l][n] [b][d] high sonority low sonority nucleus

10. Technical Terms The sonority peak forms the nucleus of the syllable. The sounds that precede the nucleus form the syllable onset. [æ] [l][n] [b][d] high sonority low sonority onset

11. Technical Terms The sonority peak forms the nucleus of the syllable. The sounds that precede the nucleus form the syllable onset. The sounds that follow the nucleus form the syllable coda. [æ] [l][n] [b][d] high sonority low sonority coda

12. Technical Terms The sonority peak forms the nucleus of the syllable. The sounds that precede the nucleus form the syllable onset. The sounds that follow the nucleus form the syllable coda. Together, the nucleus and coda form the syllable rhyme. [æ] [l][n] [b][d] high sonority low sonority rhyme

13. Syllable Formation In order to figure out how to organize a word into syllables, first identify the syllable nuclei = vowels and any syllabic consonants Example: “America” [ʌmɛrɪkʌ][ʌmɛrɪkʌ] NNNN     Then identify any potential onsets to each syllable = consonants preceding the nuclei OOO

14. Phonotactics Phonotactic constraints determine what sounds can be put together to form the different parts of a syllable in a language. Ex: English onsets /kl/ is okay:“clean”“clamp” /pl/ is okay:“play”“plaque” */tl/ is not okay:*tlay*tlamp If we ever encounter a word that starts with /tl/, we have to do something about it. How do you say “Tlingit”? Or “Dmitri”?

15. Let’s Try Another… [arkejd] N N Note 1: both halves of a diphthong combine into one nucleus   O Note 2: [rk] is not a possible onset!  The [r] has to form the coda of the preceding syllable So, Step 3 = remaining consonants go into codas. CC “arcade”

16. The Possibilities are not Endless Q: What combination of consonants can form a possible onset? A: Any combo that can be found at the beginning of a word. [θr] can start a word (“three”), so “arthritic” is syllabified like this: [arθr ɪ t ɪ k] NNN  OOCC

17. The Possibilities are not Endless [tl] and [nt] cannot start words (in English), so they cannot form legal syllable onsets. Check out the syllabification for “Atlantic”: [ ɛ tlænt ɪ k] NNN  OOCCC

18. Interesting Patterns Check out the following words: Atlantic atrocious Americaarcade astronomyarthritic When is the first vowel a [ ʌ ]? Is there a difference between the /t/ in ‘atrocious’ and the /t/ in ‘Atlantic’? Why?

19. The Last Quick Write

21. Other Languages Phonotactic constraints may become active when words cross language boundaries In Spanish, the following consonant clusters cannot start a syllable or a word: */sp/ */st/ */sk/ Example Spanish pronunciation of English: “student” 

22. Sound Substitution In borrowings, languages often substitute native sounds for non-native sounds They may also break up sound sequences to satisfy native phonotactics. Example: English “birth control” Japanese: Or Hawaiian: [mele kelikimaka] for “Merry Christmas”