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Rheumatoid Arthritis John Imboden MD.

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Presentation on theme: "Rheumatoid Arthritis John Imboden MD."— Presentation transcript:

1 Rheumatoid Arthritis John Imboden MD

2 Disclosures: John Imboden
I am an investigator on a grant funded by the Research and Education Foundation of the American College of Rheumatology. Abbott has agreed to provide adalimumab and placebo for the study.

3 Rheumatoid arthritis: typical presentation
Prevalence 1% Female > male (3:1) Peak onset: age 30s to 40s Insidious onset of joint pain & AM stiffness lasting hours Swelling of wrists and small joints of the hands

4 The natural history of rheumatoid arthritis
at presentation after 5 years after 15 years - Chronic disease - Progressive damage leading to joint deformity & disability Extra-articular disease: nodules, lung, eye, vasculitis, etc Diminished life expectancy

5 Rheumatoid Arthritis Polyarthritis of synovial lined joints
Characteristic pattern of joint involvement Inflammatory arthritis autoimmune Destructive arthritis Cartilage degradation Erosion of bone adjacent to joints Joint deformities Systemic disease

6 Rheumatoid Arthritis: pathogenesis
Etiology uncertain Autoimmune disease Characteristic autoantibodies Genetic predisposition Mechanisms of joint damage

7 Rheumatoid Arthritis: autoantibodies
Rheumatoid factor Autoantibody to Fc region of IgG Occur in c. 70% of RA patients Despite the name, not specific for RA Antibodies to citrullinated protein epitopes Highly specific for RA May be pathogenic

8 Posttranslational modification of proteins:
PAD converts arginine to citrulline Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD)

9 RA-associated autoantibodies recognize protein epitopes containing citrulline
Peptide sequence Antibody recognition ESSRDGSRHPRSHD No PAD ESSRDGScitHPRSHD Yes

10 Protein Citrullination
Constitutive citrullination of proteins in skin and elsewhere Physiological roles of citrullination are diverse and incompletely understood Citrullination of proteins occurs at sites of inflammation NOT specific for RA Loss of tolerance to citrullinated proteins is specific for RA

11 Antibodies to Citrullinated Protein Epitopes
Detected using synthetic cyclic citrullinated peptides “anti-CCP antibodies” Anti-CCP positive RA: Genetically distinct form of RA More aggressive arthritis

12 RA: genetic susceptibility
Heritability 60% Multiple genes involved Most important: HLA-DRB1 Encodes b chain of a MHC class II antigen Linked to “CCP-positive” RA

13 Manhattan plot from a genome-wide association study of RA
HLA Manhattan plot from a genome-wide association study of RA Criswell, LA Immunological Reviews 233: 55, 2010

14 The shared epitope (DRB1*0401)
A Q70 A73 R72

15 Gene-environment interaction in RA: Is smoking an environmental trigger? Klareskog et al Ann Rev Immunol 26: Anti-CCP negative Anti-CCP positive Evidence for an interaction between smoking and the shared epitope in risk for anti-CCP-positive RA in a European cohort

16 Loss of tolerance to citrulline due to smoking-associated inflammation?

17 Preclinical autoimmunity in RA: appearance of anti-CCP abs and RF prior to onset of arthritis
Nielen et al Arth Rheum 50: 380, 2004

18 Environmental event(s) Genetic predisposition
Loss of tolerance to self antigens Preclinical autoimmunity Clinically apparent joint inflammation (synovitis)

19 Synovial inflammation in RA

20 Synovial inflammation in RA
normal rheumatoid joint joint Synovitis: - proliferation of synovial lining cells - influx of mononuclear cells - angiogenesis Pannus: - the component of the inflamed synovium that invades cartilage and bone Joint effusion: - influx of neutrophils into synovial fluid

21 Joint inflammation in RA
Rheumatoid wrist Normal wrist Inflammation within bone synovial inflammation 3 Tesla MRI provided by Xiaojuan Li PhD

22 Cytokine production in rheumatoid synovium
Large number of cytokines produced Macrophage-derived cytokines: Proinflammatory cytokines: TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6 Dominant cytokines in quantitative terms T cell cytokines: Interleukin-17 > interferon-g (Th17 cells > Th1)

23 Mechanisms of joint inflammation and destruction in RA: conclusions from trials with selective inhibitors Response Target Clinical Joint damage T cell co-stimulation B cell Proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor interleukin interleukin

24 Synovial inflammation in RA: a role for CD4 Th17 cells?

25 Roles of TNF, IL-6, and IL-1 in cartilage degradation and erosion of bone
Induce chondrocytes and fibroblasts to produce matrix metalloproteinases and other proteases that degrade cartilage Together with RANK-RANKL interactions, promote differentiation of precursors into osteoclasts, which are the destructive element where the pannus invades bone TNF, IL-6, IL-1 cartilage bone

26 RA: clinical presentation
Onset: usually insidious Patients typically present after weeks to months of symptoms Articular symptoms dominate Constitutional symptoms Common: fatigue, low grade fever (<38°C) Uncommon: extensive weight loss, fever > 38°C

27 RA: articular symptoms
RA is an inflammatory arthritis: Morning stiffness Often lasts hours Can be the dominant symptom Joint pain and stiffness improve with activity “gel phenomenon” Stiffness recurs after prolonged inactivity

28 RA: joint involvement Symmetric Additive
e.g., both wrists, both knees Additive Polyarthritis (>5 joints involved) Arthritis, not just arthralgias Involved joints: tender and swollen Larger joints: warm, effusions Not erythematous

29 RA: pattern of joint involvement
Hands (involved in >90%) Wrists, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) & proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints Spares distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints Axial skeleton Cervical spine can be involved Spares thoracic, lumbosacral spine, SI joints Large joints Feet

30 Early RA with fusiform swelling of the 3rd and 4th PIP joints

31 Rheumatoid arthritis: irreversible damage
can occur early in disease course 1 year prior to months after years after onset onset of RA onset of symptoms of symptoms Radiographic changes in the same joint over time

32 Radiographic changes occur early and precede joint deformities by years (adapted from Wolfe & Sharp, Arth Rheum 41: 1571, 1998) Arbitrary scale

33 Characteristic joint deformities in RA
“Swan neck” deformities: hyperextension of PIPs and flexion of DIPs “Boutonniere” deformity: flexion of PIP and hyperextension of DIP

34 Characteristic joint deformities in RA
Ulnar deviation of the fingers Volar subluxation of MCPs Rheumatoid nodules Note the symmetry of the joint involvement

35 Characteristic joint deformities in RA
Subluxation of the metatarsals as a consequence of MTP arthritis

36 RA: extraarticular manifestations
Common: Rheumatoid nodules Sicca (Sjögren) syndrome Interstitial lung disease Ocular inflammation: Scleritis and episcleritis Uncommon: Vasculitis Clinically apparent pleuritis or pericarditis Felty syndrome (RA, splenomegaly, neutropenia)

37 Rheumatoid nodule

38 RA: Laboratory findings
Routine laboratory: Mild to moderate anemia Mild to moderate thrombocytosis High erythrocyte sedimentation rate or elevated C-reactive protein Synovial fluid analysis Inflammatory WBC counts usually in 5,000 – 50,000 range Neutrophil predominance

39 RA: Autoantibodies Anti-CCP Antibodies Rheumatoid factor
High specificity Identifies patients with more aggressive joint disease Rheumatoid factor Limited specificity Patients who develop extra-articular disease are almost always “sero-positive” for RF

40 Diagnosis of RA Clinical diagnosis
Key feature: inflammatory polyarthritis affecting proximal joints of the hands Compatible laboratory data, serologies, and radiographs Exclusion of other causes of inflammatory polyarthritis

41 Diagnosis: some mimics of RA
Acute viral infections: self-limited polyarthritis Acute parvovirus B19 infection in adults Chronic hepatitis C infection RF-positive non-erosive chronic polyarthrtis Systemic lupus and other systemic rheumatic diseases Spondyloarthropathies Primary osteoarthritis of the hands Systemic vasculitis

42 Goals of therapy for RA Reduce signs and symptoms of inflammation
Prevent joint deformities

43 Treatments for RA Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Aspirin 1890s Low dose glucocorticoids Early 1950s Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) Methotrexate mid-1980s Biological agents Anti-TNF agents late 1990s

44 Raoul Dufy “La Cortisone” 1951

45 Methotrexate: most commonly used DMARD
Mainstay of treatment for RA reduces signs and symptoms in majority slows radiographic progression Works slowly (weeks) Uncertain mechanism of action in RA

46 Biological agents for RA
Monoclonal antibodies, receptor/antibody chimeras Targets: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) T cell-costimulation B-cells IL-6 receptor Parenteral administration (SQ or IV) Toxicity (infection, ?malignancy) $$$

47 Anti-TNF therapy of RA Reduces signs and symptoms for patients with active disease despite methotrexate Combination of anti-TNF and methotrexate: superior to either agent alone for reducing disease activity prevents radiographic progression for most patients, at least for 1-2 years Not all patients respond, and many responses are incomplete

48 Treatment of RA: general principles
Patients should be started on effective therapy (eg, a DMARD) within 3 months of diagnosis Combination therapy is more effective than monotherapy Goal is remission or “mild” activity by standardized assessments There are few head-to-head comparisons to guide therapeutic decisions

49 A therapeutic approach to new onset RA
Start prednisone 5 mg/day Acts quickly, joint-protective Start methotrexate Initiate long term therapy with an agent shown to retard radiographic progression If disease still active despite optimal methotrexate, add an anti-TNF agent Alternative: start with methotrexate plus anti-TNF If disease refractory to anti-TNF, switch to another biological agent

50 Rheumatoid arthritis: 2012
Treatable, but not curable Therapies can slow or even prevent joint damage Early RA is a therapeutic opportunity Clinical remission achieved in 50% Most treated RA patients have residual mild to moderate activity 10-20% have refractory disease

51 Rheumatoid arthritis: key points
Pathogenesis Genetic predisposition Anti-CCP antibodies Connection between proinflammatory cytokines and joint destruction Clinical course of RA: descriptors of common joint deformities, extraarticular manifestations Distinguish RA from osteoarthritis, spondyloarthropathies, and lupus Major classes of therapies


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