1. 2015 Fire Season Considerations and Outlook SWCC Predictive Services Updated April 17, 2015

2. Seasonal Fire Potential Main Factors 1. Drought 2. Fine Fuels Condition 3. Seasonal Temperature & Precipitation 4. Spring & early Summer Weather Patterns 5. Monsoon

3. Fire Season 2015: Drought Long-term drought generally prevails, but has backed off to “Moderate to Severe” & been mitigated entirely in some areas. Long-term drought generally prevails, but has backed off to “Moderate to Severe” & been mitigated entirely in some areas. Drought outlook calls for overall minimal change in current trends through June. (drier W, wetter E) Drought outlook calls for overall minimal change in current trends through June. (drier W, wetter E) A more variable & complex mosaic of drought conditions than recent years. A more variable & complex mosaic of drought conditions than recent years. Increased severity & volatility where drought persists, & increased complexity in tracking where drought is persisting and how impactful it will be on various fuels. Increased severity & volatility where drought persists, & increased complexity in tracking where drought is persisting and how impactful it will be on various fuels.

4. Fire Season 2015: Fine Fuels JUN2014 JUL2014 AUG2014 SEP2014 Substantial carryover of warm-season fine fuels driven by the 2014 monsoon season rainfall. Substantial carryover of warm-season fine fuels driven by the 2014 monsoon season rainfall. High fall soil moisture & late winter/early spring warmth and moisture contributed to widespread spring green-up. High fall soil moisture & late winter/early spring warmth and moisture contributed to widespread spring green-up. Good carry-over fine fuels + additional spring growth = significant amount of fine fuels to potentially carry fire. Good carry-over fine fuels + additional spring growth = significant amount of fine fuels to potentially carry fire. Fine fuel loading and continuity is normal to above normal. Fine fuel loading and continuity is normal to above normal.

5. Fire Season 2015: Fine Fuels JUN2014 JUL2014 AUG2014 SEP2014 Southeast New Mexico Example – Early April, 2015 Southeast New Mexico Example – Early April, 2015

6. Fire Season 2015: DEC 2014-FEB2015 Temperature & Precipitation Overall mild with above normal precipitation. Some wide swings in temperature. Overall mild with above normal precipitation. Some wide swings in temperature. Snowpack split about 50/50 below normal>above normal…better high mountains and east. Snowpack split about 50/50 below normal>above normal…better high mountains and east. TEMP PRECIP

7. Fire Season 2015: MAR2015 Temperature & Precipitation Overall warm/mild with variable precipitation. Cool & relatively wet southeast portion of area. Overall warm/mild with variable precipitation. Cool & relatively wet southeast portion of area. Snowpack below normal across the board. “Best” in northern NM mountains. Snowpack below normal across the board. “Best” in northern NM mountains. TEMP PRECIP

8. Fire Season 2015: APR-MAY Temperature & Precipitation Active jet stream continuing to bring systems into & across the Southwest. Persistence of this pattern, how frequent storms will be, and how long the pattern will last will be critical! Active jet stream continuing to bring systems into & across the Southwest. Persistence of this pattern, how frequent storms will be, and how long the pattern will last will be critical! Likely cool trend overall with periodic moisture impacts aiding areas of above normal precipitation (focused east). Likely cool trend overall with periodic moisture impacts aiding areas of above normal precipitation (focused east). A few slow moving storms may try to approach from the Baja vicinity, and these could be major precipitation producers. (fine fuels re-green potential) A few slow moving storms may try to approach from the Baja vicinity, and these could be major precipitation producers. (fine fuels re-green potential) = General Storm Track TEMP PRECIP CPC APR>MAY Outlook COOLER/MORE MOISTWARMER/DRIER

9. Fire Season 2015: Spring & Early Summer Weather Pattern – Jet Stream/Storm Track Active APR>MAY southern stream jet weakening and shifting north & west in JUN. Active APR>MAY southern stream jet weakening and shifting north & west in JUN. With this pattern: Cooler with periods of moisture and limited potential for critically windy & dry conditions through MAY. Hotter/drier with potential for multiple lightning outbreaks in JUN. With this pattern: Cooler with periods of moisture and limited potential for critically windy & dry conditions through MAY. Hotter/drier with potential for multiple lightning outbreaks in JUN. L H H H L L H L H L L APR>MAY JUN

10. Fire Season 2015: Monsoon Onset: No strong reason at this time to expect other than a near normal monsoon onset and wind-down of fire season Onset: No strong reason at this time to expect other than a near normal monsoon onset and wind-down of fire season Overall Summer: Conflicting signals, with some indications of wetness area-wide and others of wetter west & drier east. This needs to be watched given amount of available fine fuels! Overall Summer: Conflicting signals, with some indications of wetness area-wide and others of wetter west & drier east. This needs to be watched given amount of available fine fuels! Median Dates for “End of Large Fire Season”

11. 2015 Fire Season Factors Summary 1. Drought – Conditions/trends holding generally steady, at Moderate- Severe. (Larger impact west, minimal impact east) Mosaic of drought impacts will add complexity in terms of fire potential. 2. Fine Fuels Condition – Normal to above normal loading and continuity area-wide, with additional growth possible. (Potential for highest fine fuels component since 2005.) 3. Seasonal Temperature & Precipitation – Trending overall cooler with some wet periods (focused east) through spring. 4. Spring & early Summer Weather Pattern – Active southern U.S. jet APR>MAY weakening and shifting northwest in JUN. Relatively cool and unsettled spring with limited potential for critically dry & windy conditions. Hotter/drier JUN>mid JUL, with potential for multiple lightning outbreaks (focused west). 5. Monsoon – No strong indications of other than ‘normal’ onset. (Watching conflicting signals for overall summer moisture impacts).

12. Fire Season 2015: Combined Fire Potential Factors 1. Drought 2. Fine Fuels Condition 3. Seasonal Temperature & Precipitation 4. Spring & early Summer Weather Patterns 5. Monsoon (not included) Only factors which would support above normal fire potential are highlighted. Only factors which would support above normal fire potential are highlighted. Alignment clearly focused across the western half of the area. Alignment clearly focused across the western half of the area.

13. Fire Season 2015: Number of Factors Aligning to Support Above Normal Seasonal Fire Potential 1. Drought 2. Fine Fuels Condition 3. Seasonal Temperature & Precipitation 4. Spring & early Summer Weather Patterns 5. Monsoon Monsoon factor excluded, so these numbers represent total out of first 4 factors. Monsoon factor excluded, so these numbers represent total out of first 4 factors. Maximum alignment of conditions across the western half of the area expected during the JUN>mid JUL time frame. Maximum alignment of conditions across the western half of the area expected during the JUN>mid JUL time frame.

14. 2015 Fire Season Potential Summary Most all of the factors point to a delayed fire season onset area- wide, with Normal to Below Normal fire potential east and Above Normal fire potential emerging across parts of the west during June. Most all of the factors point to a delayed fire season onset area- wide, with Normal to Below Normal fire potential east and Above Normal fire potential emerging across parts of the west during June. Below Normal fire potential for much of the eastern half of the area to transition to more Normal fire potential by June. Below Normal fire potential for much of the eastern half of the area to transition to more Normal fire potential by June. Area of Above Normal fire potential to develop across mid and lower elevations of Arizona during June and possibly spread to include the higher elevations before the monsoon onset. (thinking along the lines of the 2005 season – June>mid July?). Area of Above Normal fire potential to develop across mid and lower elevations of Arizona during June and possibly spread to include the higher elevations before the monsoon onset. (thinking along the lines of the 2005 season – June>mid July?). Dynamic live fuels conditions & weather pattern impacts the likely primary drivers of the season. Excessively windy & dry conditions should not be a factor, but that opens the door for increased lightning potential as the season progresses. Dynamic live fuels conditions & weather pattern impacts the likely primary drivers of the season. Excessively windy & dry conditions should not be a factor, but that opens the door for increased lightning potential as the season progresses. Will have to carefully monitor drought impacts, as some areas may remain in Severe+ and fuels & fire potential will respond accordingly. Will have to carefully monitor drought impacts, as some areas may remain in Severe+ and fuels & fire potential will respond accordingly. Fine fuels availability + drought impacts + lightning alignment = 2015? Fine fuels availability + drought impacts + lightning alignment = 2015?

15. This depiction likely to shift. Stay tuned for updates! This depiction likely to shift. Stay tuned for updates!

16. END SWCC Predictive Services Final Update to be Issued by Mid May, 2015 Contact: Chuck Maxwell, Predictive Services Meteorologist cmaxwell@fs.fed.uscmaxwell@fs.fed.us, 505-842-3419 cmaxwell@fs.fed.us