1. Current-Switched R-2R DAC

2. Voltage-Switched R-2R DAC

3. DAC Non-Linearities

4. DAC Gain & Offset Errors

5. Direct (Flash) ADC

6. Successive Approximation ADC 101(1)110(0)100(1) Analogue Input Digital Output DAC Comparator Logic Clock Successive Approximation ADC n-bit conversion in n clock cycles (n+1) bit conversion if comparator output used

7. Integrating ADCs   There is a whole family of these circuits: o single-slope o dual-slope o multi-slope o charge balance, PWM o sigma-delta (-) (order 1 to m) None need a T(S)/H, (but may be useful) All integrate the input signal for a fixed time and then digitize it [conversion time up to 2 x 2n = 2n+1 clock periods] However, the last 2 types integrate continuously All allow increased resolution but are slower than the - type

8. Dual-Slope ADC

9. Integrator Output Waveforms -V REF t/R -V IN t/R VCVC m clock periods (mT) VV 2 n clock periods (2 n T) Time Integrator Output Voltage Waveforms  V = (2 n T)  V IN  /R = mT  V REF  /R   V IN  /  V REF  = m/2 n (n-bit conversion) Dual-Slope Multi-Slope

10. Multi-Slope ADC To increase resolution, the comparator threshold becomes the limiting factor Multi-slope uses smaller and smaller reference values to progressively approach the comparator zero at a slower rate Each reference period ‘de-integrates’ the remaining error Very much more complex circuit and costly Much faster than Dual-Slope for the same resolution - used in some DVMs May also be used with Charge-Balance

11. Charge-Balance ADC

12. Integrator Output Waveforms mT VV -(V IN /R)t/C-[(V IN /R) + I 0 ]t/C D-Type (Q) Output Comparator Output T Clock Integrator Output

13. Charge Balance Performance  Integrates signal and ‘reference’ signals continuously  I 0 = V REF /R then V IN = V REF.Count/CountMax  Reduces integrator capacitor error of Dual- Slope  Capable of 10 -8 (26-bit) performance, if you can wait - speed v resolution  DVM type ADC [PWM variants]

14. Sigma-Delta ADC (1) Recent variant of Delta modulator and Charge-Balance concepts Originally used for audio only, now used from dc to rf Very high resolution up to 22bits and very fast … 1000x faster than dual-slope Very complex internal operation but quite simple analog circuitry Uses a special (decimating) digital filter Can be integrated with µCs etc Minimal chip cost but support circuits still expensive for ultra-high performance

15. Sigma-Delta ADC (2) Functional Diagram of 3rd order Sigma-Delta ADC LTC2440