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Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders
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Abnormal Behavior The medical model What is abnormal behavior? –Deviant –Dysfuntional/Maladaptive –Distressing
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Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed.rev. (DSM – IV-TR)
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Psychological Disorders Not uncommon –26% in a given year, 46% in a lifetime. Cultural –What is accepted in one culture, may not be in another Not Dangerous –Most people who suffer from a disorder are not dangerous.
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Five Axes Axis I – Clinical Syndromes Axis II – Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation Axis III – General Medical Conditions Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning
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Important Terms Diagnosis –Identification of a disorder Prognosis –Indication of the outcome of a disorder Etiology –Apparent cause or developmental history of a disorder.
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Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder –“free-floating anxiety” Phobic disorder –Specific focus of fear Panic disorder and agoraphobia Obsessive compulsive disorder –Obsessions –Compulsions Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Etiology of Anxiety Disorders Biological factors –Genetic predisposition –GABA circuits in the brain Conditioning and learning –Acquired through classical conditioning –Maintained through operant conditioning Cognitive factors –Judgments of perceived threat Stress/Adverse experiences—a precipitator
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Figure 13.3 Twin studies of anxiety disorders
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Figure 13.4 Conditioning as an explanation for phobias
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Figure 13.5 Cognitive factors in anxiety disorders
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Somatoform Disorders Somatization Disorder Conversion Disorder Hypochondriasis Etiology of somatoform disorders –Cognitive factors –Personality factors –The sick role
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Figure 13.6 Glove anesthesia
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Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia and fugue Dissociative identity disorder –Etiology severe emotional trauma during childhood –Controversy Media creation?
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Mood Disorders Major depressive disorder –Dysthymia Bipolar disorder –Cyclothymia Etiology –Genetic vulnerability –Neurochemical factors –Cognitive factors –Interpersonal roots –Precipitating stress
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Figure 13.7 Episodic patterns in mood disorders
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Figure 13.9 Twin studies of mood disorders
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Figure 13.10 Interpreting the correlation between negative thinking and depression
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Figure 13.11 Interpersonal factors in depression
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Schizophrenia General symptoms –Delusions and irrational thought –Deterioration of adaptive behavior –Distorted perception –Disturbed emotion
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Subtyping of Schizophrenia Four subtypes –Paranoid type –Catatonic type –Disorganized type –Undifferentiated type New model for classification –Positive vs. negative symptoms
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Etiology of Schizophrenia Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Structural abnormalities of the brain The neurodevelopmental hypothesis Expressed emotion Precipitating stress
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Figure 13.13 The dopamine hypothesis as an explanation for schizophrenia
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Figure 13.15 The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia
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