1. Chapter 15
Psychological Disorders

2. Chapter Preview Defining/Explaining Abnormal Behavior
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
Psychological Disorders and Health and Wellness

3. Abnormal Behavior Behavior that is… deviant (atypical)
maladaptive (dysfunctional)
personally distressing (despair)
IM: Theoretical Approaches Activity

4. Theoretical Approaches
Biological Approach: Medical Model
disorders with biological origins
Psychological Approach
experiences, thoughts, emotions, personality
Sociocultural Approach
social context
Biopsychosocial Model
interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors

5. DSM-IV Classification System
Advantages
provides a common basis for communication
helps clinicians make predictions
naming the disorder can provide comfort
Disadvantages
stigma (shame, negative reputation)
medical terminology implies internal cause
focus on weaknesses ignores strengths
IM: The DSM-IV Classification System Activity

6. Psychological Disorders – Real or Myth?
Szasz & Cruise
phrase “mental illness” is presumptuous
medication of mental illnesses is presumptuous
Response of Medical Professionals
mental illnesses are real medical conditions
drugs effectively alleviate symptoms
ADHD: over-diagnosed or non-medical?
should prescription drugs be used to treat ADHD?

7. DSM-IV-TR Axes Multiaxial System
Axis I and II: Psychological Disorders
Axis III: General Medical Conditions
Axis IV: Psychosocial/Environmental Problems
Axis V: Current Level of Functioning

8. Anxiety Disorders …uncontrollable fears that are
disproportionate and disruptive
generalized anxiety disorder
panic disorder
phobic disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
IM: Activity Handout 14.1: What type of Anxiety Disorder Is It?

9. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
persistent anxiety for at least 6 months
inability to specify reasons for the anxiety
Etiology
biological factors
- genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency, respiration
psychological and sociocultural factors
- harsh self-standards, critical parents, negative
thoughts, trauma
IM: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Activity

10. Panic Disorder Diagnosis and Symptoms Etiology
recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often occur without warning
Etiology
biological factors: genetic predisposition
psychological factors: misinterpret arousal
sociocultural factors: gender differences

11. Phobic Disorder Diagnosis and Symptoms Etiology
an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation (e.g., social phobia)
Etiology
biological factors: genetic disposition
psychological factors: learned
IM: Phobic Disorders Activity

12. Examples of Phobic Disorders

13. Social Phobias in the U.S.

14. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation
Etiology
biological factors: genetic predisposition
psychological factors: life stress

15. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
Symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a
traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or
unnatural disasters
- flashbacks
- constricted ability to feel emotions
- excessive arousal
- difficulties with memory and concentration
- feelings of apprehension
- impulsive outbursts

16. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Etiology
trauma
- combat and war-related
- sexual abuse and assault
- natural and unnatural disasters
vulnerability
- previous history of trauma
- genetic predispositions

17. Mood Disorders Symptoms may include Types
…disturbance of mood that affects entire emotional state
Symptoms may include
cognitive, behavioral, or physical symptoms
interpersonal difficulties
Types
major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder
bipolar disorder
IM: Depressive Disorder Activity

18. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Diagnosis and Symptoms
significant depressive episode that lasts for at least two weeks
defined by presence of at least 5 out of 9 symptoms
daily functioning is impaired

19. Dysthymic Disorder (DD)
Diagnosis and Symptoms
chronic depression
- unbroken depressed mood lasting at least two years (adult) or one year (child)
fewer symptoms than MDD
- defined by presence of 2 out of 6 symptoms

20. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Etiology
biological factors: genetic disposition
- underactive prefrontal cortex
- regulation of neurotransmitters
psychological factors:
- learned helplessness
- ruminating on negative, self-defeating thoughts
- pessimistic attribution
sociocultural factors
- poverty
- gender differences

21. Childhood Depression Developmental Psychopathology
risk factors for depression
- parental psychopathology
- genetics
protective factors
- supportive adult role model, or strong
extended family

22. Bipolar Disorder Characterized by extreme mood swings
Bipolar I and Bipolar II
Frequency and separation of episodes
usually separated by 6 months to a year
Etiology
strong genetic component
swings in metabolic activity in cerebral cortex
levels of neurotransmitters

23. Suicide Prevalence over 32,000 in year 2004
one completion for every 8 to 25 attempts
3rd leading cause of death in early adolescence
IM: Suicide Activity

24. Suicide Biological factors Psychological Factors Sociocultural Factors
low levels of serotonin
poor health
Psychological Factors
mental disorders
trauma (recent/immediate and highly stressful)
substance abuse
Sociocultural Factors
chronic economic hardship
cultural and religious norms
gender differences
IM: Suicide Activity 24

25. When Someone is Threatening Suicide

26. Dissociative Disorders
…sudden loss of memory or change in identity
Dissociation
protection from extreme stress or shock
problems integrating emotional memories
Types
dissociative amnesia
dissociative fugue
dissociative identity disorder (DID)

27. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia
individuals experience extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress
Dissociative Fugue
individuals experience amnesia, unexpectedly travel away, and sometimes assume a new identity
IM: Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue Activity

28. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
the same individual possesses two or more distinct personalities
each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and relationships
only one personality is dominant at a time
personality shifts occur under distress
Etiology
extraordinarily severe abuse in early childhood
social contagion
mostly women
runs in families
IM: Dissociative Identity Disorder Activity

29. Schizophrenia highly disordered thought split from reality (psychotic)
typically diagnosed in early adulthood
high suicide risk

30. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms
hallucinations and delusions
thought disorders and disorders of movement
Negative Symptoms
flat affect
Cognitive Symptoms
attention difficulties and memory problems
impaired ability to interpret information and make decisions
IM: Symptoms of Schizophrenia Activity

31. Etiology of Schizophrenia
Biological Factors
genetic predisposition
structural brain abnormalities
regulation of neurotransmitters
Psychological Factors
diathesis-stress model
Sociocultural Factors
influence how disorder progresses

32. Personality Disorders
…chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
- guiltless lawbreaking, violence, deceit
- impulsive, irritable, reckless, irresponsible
Etiology
- biological factors (genetic, brain, and ANS differences)
IM: Activity Handout 14.3: Which Personality Disorder Is It?

33. Personality Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
instability in interpersonal relationships & self-image
impulsive, insecure, unstable & extreme emotions
Etiology
genetic
childhood abuse
irrational belief one is powerless, unacceptable, and that others are hostile
IM: Activity Handout 14.3: Which Personality Disorder Is It? 33

34. Psychological Disorders and Health and Wellness
Stereotypes and Stigma
Rosenhan’s study - fake psychiatric patients
negative attitudes toward mentally ill
physical health risk
successfully functioning individuals with mental illness reluctant to “come out”
Note: Instructors might mention that the availability heuristic likely influences our perception of individuals with psychological disorders.
Discussion/Activity: Instructors might use this as an opportunity to have students discuss or reflect on society’s stereotypes of psychologically-disordered people.
IM: Targeting Illness Activity

35. Chapter Summary
Discuss the characteristics, explanations, and classifications of abnormal behavior.
Distinguish among the various anxiety disorders.
Compare the mood disorders and specify risk factors for depression and suicide.
Describe the dissociative disorders.
Characterize schizophrenia.
Identify behavior patterns typical of personality disorders.
Explain the impact of the stigma associated with mental illness.
Note: Instructors may use the learning objectives presented on this slide or the following four slides to summarize the chapter material.

36. Chapter Summary Abnormal Behavior Theoretical Approaches
deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressing
Theoretical Approaches
biological, psychological, and sociocultural
biopsychosocial
Classifying Abnormal Behavior
DSM-IV-TR Axes
advantages and disadvantages

37. Chapter Summary Anxiety Disorders generalized anxiety disorder
panic disorder
phobic disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder

38. Chapter Summary Mood Disorders Dissociative Disorders
major depressive disorder
dysthymic disorder
bipolar disorder
suicide
Dissociative Disorders
dissociative amnesia
dissociative fugue
dissociative identity disorder

39. Chapter Summary Schizophrenia Personality Disorders
positive, negative and cognitive symptoms
etiology (biological, psychological, sociocultural)
Personality Disorders
antisocial personality disorder
borderline personality disorder
Psychological Disorders and Health & Wellness
stigmas and stereotypes