1. Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

2. Abnormal Behavior The medical model What is abnormal behavior? –Deviant –Maladaptive –Causing personal distress A continuum of normal/abnormal

3. Figure 14.2 Normality and abnormality as a continuum

4. Prevalence, Causes, and Course Epidemiology Prevalence Lifetime prevalence Diagnosis Etiology Prognosis

5. Figure 14.5 Lifetime prevalence of psychological disorders

6. Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed. (DSM - 4)

7. Five Axes Axis I – Clinical Syndromes Axis II – Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation Axis III – General Medical Conditions Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning

8. Axis I Clinical Syndromes Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders

9. Clinical Syndromes: Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder –“free-floating anxiety” Phobic disorder –Specific focus of fear Panic disorder and agoraphobia Obsessive compulsive disorder –Obsessions –Compulsions Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

10. Etiology of Anxiety Disorders Biological factors –Genetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivity –GABA circuits in the brain Conditioning and learning –Acquired through classical conditioning or observational learning –Maintained through operant conditioning Cognitive factors –Judgments of perceived threat Personality –Neuroticism Stress—a precipitator

11. Figure 14.6 Twin studies of anxiety disorders

12. Figure 14.7 Conditioning as an explanation for phobias

13. Figure 14.8 Cognitive factors in anxiety disorders

14. Clinical Syndromes: Somatoform Disorders Somatization Disorder Conversion Disorder Hypochondriasis –Etiology Reactive autonomic nervous system Personality factors Cognitive factors The sick role

15. Figure 14.10 Glove anesthesia

16. Clinical Syndromes: Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative identity disorder –Etiology severe emotional trauma during childhood –Controversy Media creation?

17. Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders Major depressive disorder –Dysthymic disorder Bipolar disorder –Cyclothymic disorder Etiology –Genetic vulnerability –Neurochemical factors –Cognitive factors –Interpersonal roots –Precipitating stress

18. Figure 14.11 Episodic patterns in mood disorders

19. Figure 14.13 Twin studies of mood disorders

20. Figure 14.15 Negative thinking and prediction of depression

21. Figure 14.16 Interpersonal factors in depression

22. Clinical Syndromes: Schizophrenia General symptoms –Delusions and irrational thought –Deterioration of adaptive behavior –Hallucinations –Disturbed emotions Prognostic factors

23. Subtyping of Schizophrenia 4 subtypes –Paranoid type –Catatonic type –Disorganized type –Undifferentiated type New model for classification –Positive vs. negative symptoms

24. Etiology of Schizophrenia Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Structural abnormalities of the brain The neurodevelopmental hypothesis Expressed emotion Precipitating stress

25. Figure 14.18 The dopamine hypothesis as an explanation for schizophrenia

26. Figure 14.20 The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia

27. Personality Disorders Anxious-fearful cluster –Avoidant, dependent, obsessive- compulsive Dramatic-impulsive cluster –Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial Odd-eccentric cluster –Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid Etiology –Genetic predispositions, inadequate socialization in dysfunctional families

28. Table 14.2 Personality Disorders

29. Psychological Disorders and the Law Insanity –M’naghten rule Involuntary commitment –danger to self –danger to others –in need of treatment

30. Figure 14.22 The insanity defense: public perceptions and actual realities

31. Culture and Pathology Cultural variations Culture bound disorders –Koro –Windigo –Anorexia nervosa