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3. The term “surd” is used to name any number which involves non exact square roots. Surds are Irrational Numbers Simple surds: Other surds:

4. © T Madas The Rules of Roots and Surds adding/subtracting: x Note Although we are showing these rules with square roots, they work with all roots, i.e. cube roots, fourth roots etc

5. © T Madas The Rules of Roots and Surds adding/subtracting: Why do these rules work?

6. © T Madas The Rules of Roots and Surds adding/subtracting: WARNING !

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8. evaluate:

9. © T Madas evaluate: we treat surds like algebraic quantities

10. © T Madas Expand the following brackets and simplify your answer as much as possible:

12. Common manipulations involving surds are to write them in terms of smaller surds. This usually involves application of the three basic rules: Simplify Split 8 into two factors One must be an exact root Check!

13. © T Madas Common manipulations involving surds are to write them in terms of smaller surds. This usually involves application of the three basic rules: Simplify Split 20 into two factors One must be an exact root Simplify Check!

14. © T Madas Common manipulations involving surds are to write them in terms of smaller surds. This usually involves application of the three basic rules: Simplify Split 45 into two factors One must be an exact root Simplify Check! Simplify

15. © T Madas Common manipulations involving surds are to write them in terms of smaller surds. This usually involves application of the three basic rules: Simplify Check! Simplify

16. © T Madas Common manipulations involving surds are to write them in terms of smaller surds. This usually involves application of the three basic rules: Simplify

17. © T Madas Common manipulations involving surds are to write them in terms of smaller surds. This usually involves application of the three basic rules: Simplify

18. © T Madas Common manipulations involving surds are to write them in terms of smaller surds. This usually involves application of the three basic rules: Simplify

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20. In higher level mathematics, we usually want the denominators of fractions surd-free. Some of the reasons for this are: Easier to add fractions with rational denominators Easier to get a “feel” for the size of a fraction with a surd-free denominator Looks! Given a fraction with a surd appearing in the denominator, we can find another equivalent fraction with the denominator surd-free. We are rationalising the denominator Here are some of the “tricks” involved in this process:

21. © T Madas Rationalising Denominators with simple Surds Rationalise the denominator of Check! Rationalise the denominator of Check!

22. © T Madas Rationalising Denominators with not so simple Surds Rationalise the denominator of Check! Rationalise the denominator of Check!

23. © T Madas Rationalise the denominator of Check! Rationalising Denominators with not so simple Surds

24. © T Madas Rationalise the denominator of Check! An A*/A-Level example How? Rationalising Denominators with not so simple Surds

25. © T Madas