1.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione C H A P T E R 15 Organisational structure and design

2.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 2 Chapter learning objectives 1.Describe the two fundamental requirements of organisational structures. 2.Summarise the three main forms of coordination. 3.Explain why companies can have a wider span of control than previously believed. 4.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of centralisation and formalisation. 5.Contrast functional structures and divisional structures. 6.Outline the features and advantages of the matrix structure. 7.Describe four features of team-based organisational structures. 8.Describe the network structure. 9.Summarise the contingencies of organisational design. 10.Explain how organisational strategy relates to organisational structure.

3.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 3 Tribal structure of Flight Centre Flight Centre has a unique ‘tribal’ organisational structure that facilitates easy replication and fuels organic growth. The Brisbane-based travel agency is organised into families, villages and tribal countries. © AAP Image/Dave Hunt

4.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 4 Division of labour  Subdivision of work into separate jobs assigned to different people  Potentially increases work efficiency  Necessary as company grows and work becomes more complex © AAP Image/Dave Hunt

5.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 5 Forms of work coordination  Informal communication  sharing information  high media-richness  important in teams  Formal hierarchy  direct supervision  common in larger firms  problems  costly, slow, less popular with young staff  Standardisation  formal instructions  clear goals/outputs  training/skills © AAP Image/Dave Hunt

6.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 6 Organisationalstructureelements Span of control Centralisation Department-alisation Formalisation Elements of organisational structure

7.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 7 Span of control  Number of people directly reporting to the next level  Assumes coordination through direct supervision  Wider span of control possible when  used with other coordinating methods  subordinates’ tasks are similar  tasks are routine  Flatter structures require wider span (if same number of people in the firm)

8.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 8 The decentralisation of Coca-Cola Coca-Cola decentralised its organisational structure by cutting half of the staff at its Atlanta headquarters and moving the regional chieftains closer to their local markets. In India, decision making has been moved further down to different areas of that diverse country. © AFP/CORBIS

9.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 9 Organisational crises Organisational crises Management desire for control Management desire for control Increase consistency, reduce costs Increase consistency, reduce costs Centralisation Complexity  size, diversity Complexity  size, diversity Desire for empowerment Desire for empowerment Decentralisation Forces for (de)centralisation

10.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 10 Mechanistic vs organic structures Mechanistic High formalisationHigh formalisation Narrow span of controlNarrow span of control High centralisationHigh centralisation Organic Low formalisationLow formalisation Wide span of controlWide span of control Low centralisationLow centralisation

11.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 11 Effects of departmentalisation  Establishes work teams and supervision structure  Creates common resources, measures of performance, etc  Encourages informal communication among people and subunits

12.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 12 Organises employees around skills or other resources (marketing, production) Chief Executive FinanceProduction Marketing Functional organisational structure

13.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 13 Organises employees around geographic areas, products or clients Divisionalised structure EnterprisesystemsLaserjetsolutions Consumerproducts Chief Executive

14.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 14 Project C Manager Project B Manager Project A Manager EngineeringManagerMarketingManagerSoftwareManager Employees are temporarily assigned to a specific project team and have a permanent functional unit Project-based matrix structure Chief Executive

15.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 15 Features of team-based structures  Self-directed work teams  Teams organised around work processes  Very flat span of control  Very little formalisation  Usually found within divisionalised structure

16.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 16 Core Company Product Development Company (Australia) Call Centre Company (NZ) Accounting Company (Australia) Manufacturing Company (Malaysia) Distribution Company (Singapore) Network organisational structure

17.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 17 High analysability Low analysability High variety Low variety Scientific research Assembly line Skilled trades Engineering projects Types of organisational technology

18.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 18 Org environment and structure Dynamic High rate of change Use organic structure Stable Steady conditions, predictable change Use mechanistic structure Complex Many elements (such as stakeholders) Decentralise Simple Few environmental elements Less need to decentralise

19.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 19 Org environment and structure (cont) Diverse Variety of products, clients, locations Divisional form aligned with the diversity Hostile Competition and resource scarcity Use organic structure for responsiveness Integrated Single product, client, location Don’t need divisional form Munificent Plenty of resources and product demand Less need for organic structure

20.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione 20 Overview of the next chapter  Elements of organisational culture  Importance of organisational subcultures  Types of corporate culture artefacts  Functions of organisational culture  Organisational culture on business ethics  Four strategies for merging organisational cultures  How to strengthen an organisation’s culture

21.  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim by McShane and Travaglione C H A P T E R 15 Organisational structure and design